|
Guide to Bibliographic Referencing 书目参考指南
Introduction & General Points 简介 2
Setting Out Citations出处 4
Statutory Instruments法定条例 7
Linking Bibliographical References to the Accompanying Text 11
Further Information 13 Why Do We Need To Reference? When submitting a piece of research you need to provide information on all the sources (both printed and electronic) that you have used during its compilation. Information about each individual source is known as a reference. The collective list of references is known as a bibliography. The bibliography appears at the end of your work. It serves the following purposes:
1. to show the research your work is based on This is another reason why referencing is necessary. Researchers (and yourself) must be able to trace sources so vital information must be provided. In order to ensure this there are standardised forms of citing bibliographic references.
There are several styles of commonly accepted reference systems including British Standard and Harvard. Sunderland University recommends the Harvard system. Harvard developed in America and has become the most commonly used system – often being used as the standard style in academic texts. It is also the most simple and user friendly system to apply. Make sure that whichever system you choose is used consistently. This guide will give citation information and examples applied for the Harvard system. The guide also offers advice on giving references and/or quotations from the sources within your work and how to list references at the end of the text. You need to include references within your text for several reasons. Firstly, it shows you have read the texts and if used correctly can also demonstrate your understanding of them. Secondly, you can refer to your sources or use word for word quotations from them to support an argument or point of view you are making. It is important to do this in the correct form especially when using word for word quotations so that you give due credit to the original author. If you do not do this you may be accused of plagiarism. Listing references at the end of the text shows the reader at a glance which sources you have used directly ie referred to and quoted from in your text. It also ensures you give all the vital information about the source so that it can be identified and traced by a reader of your work. Listing references is not the same as a bibliography where you would include all important sources even if you have not referred directly to them ie your bibliography would include any books used for background reading or supplementary information.
• et.al. - meaning ‘and others’ is used where a work has more than three authors. The citation will give the name of the first listed author followed by et.al.
Example:
Example: • op. cit. - meaning ‘in the work quoted’. This is used for a further reference to a publication previously cited when it is not the immediately preceding reference.
Example: • Corporate Authors – if the title page indicates that the content of the work is the responsibility of a group or organisation their name should be given in place of an individual author. • Electronic Information – it may be difficult to get information for a complete reference for electronic sources. The minimum information acceptable should cover: •Author (of the content, not the web designer) •Title •Date of publication (date created or last updated) •Medium/type of resource •URL/location •Date accessed. • Newspaper Articles – when using the Harvard system, references for newspapers are made in the main text or by using footnotes. It is essential to include the day, month and year of the newspaper. Also include the page and column numbers if given. (See the Newspapers example in the section below for how to set out the citation.) • Quotations - short quotations are enclosed with quotation marks (“ ”) and included in the main text. Longer quotations are separated from the text, placed in their own paragraph and do not need to be enclosed in quotation marks. You should avoid long word for word quotes if you can but it is acceptable to include them if they are presented in this way. • Page Numbers – if you are referring to a particular page/pages of a book you should include the abbreviation p. or pp. followed by the page number or numbers ie (p. 4 or pp. 4-10) at the end of your reference. • Secondary Referencing – refers to a book, journal article etc which you have read about in another book or journal article but which has made a significant contribution to your research therefore needs referencing. This makes the work you are reading a secondary source – the original work would be a primary source. The reference you give a secondary source is therefore a secondary reference. • Highlighting Styles - you will need to highlight the key part of each citation you list. Each example given in this guide will demonstrate which part of the citation that is (it may vary according to the source). There are three accepted ways of highlighting information – bold, underlining and italics. You may choose any one of these styles and use it consistently ie if you underline your first two citations you must not then use italics for your third. Please note that it is not acceptable to use all three styles at the same time.
Books
Example:
Parts of Books
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example: Smith, H. B. (1994). Information needs of students. Oxford University Press. (0011-6552).
Example: Faust, R. A. and Kennel, J. C. (1998). International Business Machines Corporation. Externally provided control of an IC2 bus. U.S. Pat. 6,205,504.
Great Britain. Department of the Environment (1997). The countryside - environmental quality and economic and social development. Stationery Office. (Planning Policy Guidance Note 7).
Government Publications (Parliamentary)
Example:
Example:
Example: The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (service of prosecution evidence) regulations 2000. 2000/3305.
Example: Great Britain. Competition Commission. (2000) Report by the Competition Commission on the proposed acquisition by NTL Incorporated of the Cable Business of Cable and Wireless Communication plc. Stationary Office. (Cmd. 4666).
Law Reports Example: Monsanto v. Transport and General Workers’ Union [1987] 1 WLR 617
Example:
Author of paper •Year of publication •Title of paper In: •Title of conference (underline or italicise) as detailed above •Editor(s) •Place of publication: •Publisher •Pagination for the paper
Example:
Example:
Example: Police give firms warning over extended Christmas holidays. Independent. 21 December 1999, p. 5.
Kazdin, A. E. (ed.) (2000). Encyclopedia of psychology. American Psychological Association. Vols 1-8. or (if no editor’s name is present) ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY. (2000). American Psychological Association. Vols 1-8.
Example:
Example: Brewer, P. C. (1997). International cultural diversity and the design of management accounting systems. [CD-ROM] In: Mid-American Journal of Business. 12 (1), pp. 69-77. PsycINFO. Version 4.0.
Example
Example:
Example:
Linking bibliographical references to the accompanying text Making References/Quotations in the Text It is very important that any information taken from another author’s work is properly cited, giving credit and recognition to the original author. This not only includes direct quotations but also summaries, paraphrased information, statements and conclusions. Short quotations are enclosed with quotation marks (“ ”) and included in the main text. Longer quotations are separated from the text, placed in their own paragraph and do not need to be enclosed in quotation marks. You should avoid long word for word quotes if you can but it is acceptable to include them if they are presented in this way. If you do not present your quotations or summaries in the correct way you will be accused of plagiarism. Plagiarism basically means taking another authors work or ideas and presenting them as your own. This can be done by using very long quotations, by not presenting quotations in an acceptable format or by using unacceptable paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is not changing one or two words so that the information sounds slightly different. The aim of paraphrasing is to convey the same accurate information using your own words and phrases and to give credit to the original author. The Harvard system requires the author’s surname and year of publication to be stated plus any other relevant document information ie page numbers to be included in brackets. Page number(s) should be given after the date, separated from it by a comma. You should include the abbreviation p. or pp. followed by the page number or numbers ie (p. 4 or pp. 4-10) at the end of your reference. The following is a list of examples: • If the author’s name would be naturally included in the sentence the date follows in brackets ie In a recent paper, Ndlovu (1996, pp. 24-29) suggested that... • If the author’s name would not normally be included in the sentence all information in given in brackets ie In a recent study (Ndlovu 1996, p.2429) it was argued that... • For publications by two authors, both names are given ie In a recent study (Francis and Adebola 1996) it was argued that... • For publications with more than two others supply the main author’s name only followed by the abbreviation et al (meaning ‘and others’) ie Ndlovu et al. (1996) • For anonymous publications or articles where no author is given (ie newspapers) the abbreviation ‘Anon’ is acceptable ie In a recent study (Anon 1996) suggested that… Alternatively, in the case of a newspaper article you can also use the name of the newspaper ie The Guardian (1996) stated that…. • Two or more publications by one author in the same year are distinguished by adding lower case letters to the year ie Furlong (1995a) disagreed and in a later study Furlong (1995b) suggested that....
Listing references at the end of the text shows the reader at a glance which sources you have used directly ie referred to and quoted from in your text. It also ensures you give all the vital information about the source so that it can be identified and traced by a reader of your work. Listing references is not the same as a bibliography where you would include all important sources even if you have not referred directly to them ie your bibliography would include any books used for background reading or supplementary information. Entries are listed at the end of the text in alphabetical order of author’s names. If no author name is given the work should be listed by title. Where more than one work by an author is cited, list them in chronological order. If citing more than one work from the same year use a letter (1995a, 1995b etc.) ie It was suggested by Ndlovu (1995) and Furlong (1996a) that this was true but Furlong (1996b) later retracted this statement. This meant the theory was put on hold until Ventura (1997) conducted new research which claimed…. would create the following list:
Ndlovu, R. S. (1995) Stress in the work place. Management Review, 12 (1), pp. 1-24. Furlong, J. (1996b) Changing dimensions of corporate management. Prentice Hall. Ventura, J. (1997). Growth and interdependence. Quarterly journal of management. 112 (1), pp. 57-84.
Further information about referencing can be found at:
• The British Standard numeric referencing style is set out in detail in British Standard 1629:1978 (available at the Hutton library). • Li, X. and Crane, N. B. (1996) Electronic styles: an expanded guide for citing electronic information. 2nd ed. Information Today. 15.99. 1573870277. • Hunchliffe, E. (1993) Chicago manual of style, 14th ed. University of Chicago Press. 28.50. 0226103897.
In preparing this guide acknowledgement is made to:
Cite it Right – the University of Northumbria at Newcastle’s bibliographic guide. (See above for on-line access details.) |
 |
|||
| 网站地图 |
