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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ASSIGNMENT-企业如何成为跨国企业。本文是一篇留学生国际商务assignment写作范文，主要内容是讲述当今世界经济正在发生重大转变；以前，由于不同的跨境贸易壁垒，每个国家的经济都不同且相对孤立。但现在，我们正朝着一个独立的全球经济体系迈进，在这个体系中，不同的国家经济正在融合在一起，这被称为全球化。独立的全球经济体系使来自不同国家的许多公司有效地参与了国际市场；目前，向全球化的转变正在加速，而且似乎还会继续下去。下面就一起来看一下这篇国际商务专业assignment范文的具体内容。
Introduction 引言 A significant shift is taking place in the world economy today; previously each nation had different and relatively isolated economies from each other by different barriers to cross border trade. But now we are drastically moving towards an independent global economic system in which different national economies are blending together which is referred as globalization. Independent global economic system has brought effective involvement of numerous firms from various countries in the international market; the shift towards globalization has been accelerating currently, and it looks set to carry forward. Multinational Enterprise 跨国企业 An enterprise that operates and has its assets and facilities in more than one country excluding its home country is called as multinational enterprise, such firms has have offices, factories, outlets and etc., in different countries and usually have centralised head office where they co-ordinate global management. 一家在不止一个国家（不包括本国）运营并拥有资产和设施的企业被称为跨国企业，这些公司在不同的国家设有办事处、工厂、网点等，通常设有中央总部，负责协调全球管理。 The swiftly developing global economy creates many factors and opportunities for business worldwide. It creates opportunities for business to expand their resources, profit and market, this make many firms to become globalized for example Wal-mart , Coca-Cola, Exxon Mobil, Levi Strauss, and Royal Dutch Shell are some of the most successful multinational enterprise in the world. But still many significant differences exist between national markets along many relevant factors which need to be overcome to be successful globally. 快速发展的全球经济为全球商业创造了许多因素和机会。它为企业创造了扩大资源、利润和市场的机会，这使得许多公司变得全球化，例如沃尔玛、可口可乐、埃克森美孚、李维斯-斯特劳斯和荷兰皇家壳牌是世界上最成功的跨国企业。但各国市场之间仍存在许多重大差异，许多相关因素需要克服才能在全球范围内取得成功。 Why Firms become Multinational Enterprise?为什么企业会成为跨国企业？ As an enterprise operating in an International Business environment provides many new openings to a firm than operating in a domestic environment. A worldwide operation provides an enterprise access to new markets, resources and many other benefits, mainly it also widens the options of strategic moves of the firm against its rivals. Let’s discuss the reasons for the firms becoming a Multinational corporation elaborately. 作为一家在国际商业环境中运营的企业，与在国内环境中运营相比，为公司提供了许多新的机会。全球运营为企业提供了进入新市场、资源和许多其他好处，主要是它还扩大了公司对抗竞争对手的战略举措选择。让我们仔细讨论一下这些公司成为跨国公司的原因。 The Eclectic Paradigm 折衷范式 An effective approach to the study of the internationalization of business was offered by John H. Dunning. The Eclectic paradigm was a dominant framework for explaining the reason for the existence of Multinational enterprises and the determinants of foreign direct investment. 约翰·邓宁为研究商业国际化提供了一种有效的方法。折衷范式是解释跨国企业存在的原因和外国直接投资决定因素的主要框架。 Dunning stated three factors to the eclectic paradigm:邓宁对折衷范式提出了三个因素 i. Ownership-specific advantages 所有权特定优势 The enterprise which invests in a foreign country has a competitive advantage and out-competes the firms that operate in the country where the investment is done. The multinational enterprise has advantages of Intangible assets like trade name, brand, and patents. The firm has benefits of reputation, technology and skills of management. 在外国投资的企业具有竞争优势，并且在投资所在国经营的公司中处于竞争地位。跨国企业拥有商标、品牌和专利等无形资产的优势。该公司拥有声誉、技术和管理技能方面的优势。 ii. Location-specific advantages 特定位置的优势 This advantage is based on the geographical position of the firm; according to this many positive factors like resources, cheap labour, host country’s regulations and political stability are available for the multinational enterprises. 这种优势是基于公司的地理位置；根据这一点，跨国企业可以获得许多积极因素，如资源、廉价劳动力、东道国的法规和政治稳定。 iii. Internationalization-specific advantages 国际化特有优势 When a firm enlarge its operations in another country, by acquiring the property of the assets that are abroad its get this internationalization benefit. The firm gets a new market, reduces the production cost and can keep its skills and capabilities internal to the firm. 当一家公司在另一个国家扩大业务时，通过收购海外资产的财产，它可以获得这种国际化利益。公司获得了一个新市场，降低了生产成本，并可以将其技能和能力保留在公司内部。 The Product life cycle theory 产品生命周期理论 The product life cycle theory was framed by Raymond Vernon, this illustrate that in the beginning stage of the product life cycle the production and the rest of the operations of the product takes place in the home country. First the product will be serving the local market and then world market, when the product gains reputation the production gets relocated abroad to gain from lower labour cost and the other benefits available in host nation. At a point of time the country which invented the product becomes an importer of that product. The best example for this is the invention and production of personal computers by IBM. This is also an essential cause for firms to become a multinational enterprise. 产品生命周期理论是由Raymond Vernon提出的，这表明在产品生命周期的开始阶段，产品的生产和其他操作都在本国进行。首先，产品将服务于当地市场，然后服务于世界市场，当产品获得声誉时，生产将转移到国外，以获得较低的劳动力成本和东道国的其他利益。在某个时刻，发明该产品的国家成为该产品的进口国。这方面最好的例子是IBM的个人计算机的发明和生产。这也是企业成为跨国企业的重要原因。 The Internationalization theory 国际化理论 The market imperfections approach to Foergin direct Investment is typically referred to as internalization theory. The Internationalization theory was developed by Buckley and Casson. This theory states the main reasons for which the firms become a multinational enterprise due to market imperfection. Due to market imperfections, the monopolistic advantage of the firm can be used to widen worldwide to again competitive advantage. A firm overcomes market imperfections by creating its own market by the means of internalisation through this the firms become a multinational enterprises. 外国直接投资的市场缺陷方法通常被称为内部化理论。国际化理论是由巴克利和卡森提出的。该理论阐述了市场不完善导致企业成为跨国企业的主要原因。由于市场的不完善，公司的垄断优势可以用来在全球范围内扩大竞争优势。一个企业通过内部化的方式创造自己的市场，从而克服市场的不完善，从而成为跨国企业。 Resource seeking 寻求资源 The firms develop into a multinational enterprise to seek and secure natural resources like raw materials, minerals and human resource. This helps the firms to reduce the labor cost and production cost. 这些公司发展成为一家跨国企业，寻求和保护原材料、矿产和人力资源等自然资源。这有助于企业降低劳动力成本和生产成本。 Market seeking 寻求市场 The multinational enterprises emerge to identify and exploit new markets for their products. This approach is followed by the firms to overcome trade barrier and to reduce high transport cost. 跨国企业的出现是为了识别和开拓其产品的新市场。企业采用这种方法来克服贸易壁垒，降低高昂的运输成本。 Efficiency seeking 寻求效率 The firms try to enlarge globally to obtain the efficiency benefits they obtain from the host country like cheap labour force, for example multinational enterprise obtain low cost but labour intensive manufacturing in many Asian countries. 这些公司试图在全球范围内扩张，以获得他们从东道国获得的效率效益，比如廉价劳动力，例如跨国企业在许多亚洲国家获得低成本但劳动密集型的制造业。 Capabilities seeking 寻求能力 The firms follow strategic operations by buying existing firms or assets abroad, this is an approach by the firm to seek adequacy in order to sustain and advance its competitive position globally.These are the major reasons for a firm to become a multinational enterprise. 企业通过收购国外现有企业或资产来进行战略运营，这是企业寻求充足性以维持和提高其全球竞争地位的一种方法。这些是企业成为跨国企业的主要原因。 How firms become multinational enterprise?企业如何成为跨国企业？ Once a firm take on Foregin Direct Investment(FDI) it become a multinational enterprise, a multinational enterprises have substantial direct investment in foreign countries. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) refers to the long term participation like management, partnership, technology transfer and etc., between a foreign country and a host country. FDI has become a vital accept of global economy, many nations liberalized the regulations for FDI and numerous host economies has have reduced trade barriers for foreign nations to do business in their nation. 一旦一家公司接受外国直接投资，它就成为了一家跨国企业，跨国企业在外国有大量的直接投资。外国直接投资是指外国与东道国之间的长期参与，如管理、合作、技术转让等。外国直接投资已成为全球经济的一个重要接受，许多国家放宽了对外国直接投资的监管，许多东道国经济体减少了外国在本国开展业务的贸易壁垒。 When a firm decides to enter foreign market and expand to become a multinational enterprise then mainly there are six different modes to enter. 当一家公司决定进入国外市场并扩张成为跨国企业时，主要有六种不同的进入模式。 Joint venture 合营企业 Establishing a joint venture with a foreign firm has been a feasible mode of enter to the world market. Setting up a firm that is jointly owned and operated by two or more firms is called as joint venture. A firm can gain advantage from a local partner’s knowledge of the host country’s competitive conditions, culture and political system. Through this joint venture a firm can gain by sharing development cost and high risk of entering a foreign market with the local partner. 与外国公司建立合资企业是进入世界市场的一种可行模式。成立一家由两家或两家以上公司共同拥有和经营的公司称为合资企业。公司可以从当地合作伙伴对东道国竞争条件、文化和政治制度的了解中获得优势。通过这种合资企业，企业可以通过与当地合作伙伴分担开发成本和进入外国市场的高风险来获得收益。 Wholly Owned Subsidiaries 全资子公司 When firm owns 100 percent of the stock then it is termed as wholly owned subsidiary. If a firm wants to compete based on its technology then this will be the most preferred entry mode. Many high-tech firms prefer this mode of entry for overseas expansion. Establishing a wholly owned subsidiary in a foreign market can be done by setting up a new operation in that country or by acquiring an established firm and using that firm to operate. 当公司拥有100%的股份时，它被称为全资子公司。如果一家公司想基于其技术进行竞争，那么这将是最受欢迎的进入模式。许多高科技公司更喜欢这种进入模式进行海外扩张。在外国市场建立全资子公司可以通过在该国建立新的业务或收购一家已成立的公司并利用该公司进行运营来实现。 Licensing 许可协议 Licensing is very attractive approach for the firms which lack capital to develop overseas operation. Licensing is an arrangement by a firm to grant the rights to intangible property to another entity for a period of time and in return a fee is charged by the licensor. The advantage of licensing is that the firm does not need to bear the set up cost and risk involved in opening a foreign market. 对于那些缺乏资本发展海外业务的公司来说，发放许可证是一种非常有吸引力的方法。许可是指一家公司在一段时间内将无形财产的权利授予另一个实体，作为回报，许可人收取费用。许可证的好处是，公司不需要承担开设外国市场的成本和风险。 Franchising 特许经营 Franchising is basically a specialized form of licensing in which franchiser sells the intangible property and provide business assistance to the franchisee. The best example for a firm using franchising strategy is McDonald’s. By using this a firm can build up a global operation quickly at a low cost and risk. 特许经营基本上是一种专门的许可形式，特许人出售无形财产并向被特许人提供商业援助。对于一家使用特许经营策略的公司来说，最好的例子是麦当劳。通过使用它，公司可以以低成本和低风险快速建立全球业务。 Exporting 商品出口 Most of the firms begin their internationalization as an exporter. Exporting reduces the costs of establishing manufacturing operation in the host country. By manufacturing the product in a centralised location and exporting it to world market; the firm may get the picture of substantial scale economies from its global sales volume. 大多数公司以出口商的身份开始国际化。出口降低了在东道国建立制造业务的成本。通过在集中的地点生产产品并将其出口到世界市场；该公司可能会从其全球销售额中获得可观的规模经济。 Turnkey Projects 交钥匙工程 This is a means of exporting process technology to foreign countries. Under turnkey project, for a foreign client the contractor designs, construct the whole manufacturing unit and also train the operating personnel. After completing the contract, the contractor hands over the key to a plant that is ready for full operation hence this approach is called turnkey. Turnkey projects are common in chemical, petroleum refining and metal refining industries, all of which require costly, complex production techniques. 这是一种向外国出口工艺技术的手段。在交钥匙项目下，承包商为外国客户设计、建造整个制造单元，并培训操作人员。在完成合同后，承包商将钥匙移交给准备全面运营的工厂，因此这种方法被称为交钥匙。交钥匙项目在化学、石油精炼和金属精炼行业很常见，所有这些行业都需要昂贵、复杂的生产技术。 Conclusion 结论 Abstaining national trade barriers and advancement in communication, information, and transportation technologies are the main factors which influence the trend towards internationalization. These changes have enabled firms to operate worldwide and emerged different nations market into a single global market. The advantages of the growing global economy should be utilised for the welfare of the people all over the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY 参考文献 Buckley, P.J. and Ghauri, P. 1993. A Theory of International operations: The Internationalization of the firm-A Reader, pp 45-50. Elkahal, S. 1994. The Internationalization of trade: Introduction to International Business, pp. 65-70. Hill, C.W.L. 2000. Entry strategy and strategic alliance: International business-competing in the Global Marketplace, pp. 426-448. Assignment得出结果：放弃国家贸易壁垒以及通信、信息和运输技术的进步是影响国际化趋势的主要因素。这些变化使公司能够在全球范围内运营，并将不同国家的市场变成了一个单一的全球市场。全球经济增长的优势应该被用于世界各地人民的福利。本站提供各国各专业留学生assignment写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。 |
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