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澳洲Essay格式范文-澳大利亚-美国自由贸易协定规避。本文是一篇澳洲留学生essay写作范文，主要内容是讲述自20世纪80年代以来，世界经济最显著的变化之一是世界不同国家之间向自由贸易的转变。甚至印度、墨西哥、西班牙、加纳、波兰、智利和土耳其等国家也转向了贸易政策的自由化。此外，1994年根据《关税和贸易总协定》成功停止多边贸易谈判是许多发展中国家和发达国家之间贸易自由化的一大步，在许多情况下，发达国家和发展中国家之间的贸易也实现了自由化。这篇研究论文从确定自由贸易协定的含义开始，并讨论了自由贸易背后的一些理论，以及世界为什么会向自由贸易靠拢。澳大利亚目前与中国、日本、大韩民国、美国、新西兰、新加坡、泰国、智利、东盟和马来西亚签署了十项有效的自由贸易协定，其他几项协定仍在谈判过程中。自由贸易协定允许澳大利亚出口商和投资者将业务扩展到关键的全球市场。Essay接着强调了澳美自由贸易协定的意义。在确定了协议的重要性之后，文章接着对协议的某些方面进行了批评，并在最后表示，尽管澳大利亚市场确实从澳大利亚自由贸易协定中受益，但政府可以在几个领域为该国谈判出更好的协议。 
Introduction 引言
One of the most notable changes in the world economy since the 1980s has been the shift towards free trade between different countries in the world. Even countries such as India, Mexico, Spain, Ghana, Poland, Chile and Turkey – among others – have shifted towards the liberalization of their trade policies. Additionally, the successful cessation of multilateral trade negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1994 was a big step towards the liberalization of trade among many development countries as well as the developed countries and in many cases, trade between the developed and developing countries were also liberalized. This Research Essay begins with Identifying what free trade agreements mean and talks about some of the theories behind free trade and why the world has gravitated towards it. Australia itself now has ten free trade agreements in force with China, Japan, the republic of Korea, US, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, Chile, the ASEAN and Malaysia with several others still in the negotiation process (“Free trade agreements (FTAs)”, 2018). FTA’s allow Australian exporters and investors to expand their business to key global markets. The essay then highlights the significance of the Australia US Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA). After identifying the importance of the agreement, the essay then proceeds to criticise some aspects of the agreement and concludes by saying although the Australian market did benefit from the AUSFTA, there were several areas where the government could have negotiated a better deal for the country.
What are free trade agreements?什么是自由贸易协定？
The Australian government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade define free trade agreements as a treaties or trade policies between two or more countries that allows for free flow of goods, services, and investment (“What are FTAs?”, 2017). The aim of free trade agreements is to remove trade barriers such as quotas, barriers, tariffs and regulation to foster stronger commercial ties between countries. Some examples of free trade agreements are European Economic Area, MERCOSUR (South Common Market) and Australia-United States Free Trade Agreements (Grossman & Helpman, 1993).
澳大利亚政府外交和贸易部将自由贸易协定定义为两个或多个国家之间允许货物、服务和投资自由流动的条约或贸易政策（“什么是自由贸易协定？”，2017). 自由贸易协定的目的是消除配额、壁垒、关税和监管等贸易壁垒，以加强各国之间的商业联系。自由贸易协定的一些例子是欧洲经济区、南方共同市场（南方共同市场）和澳大利亚-美国自由贸易协定。
Theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论
The ability of a country, firm or individual to produce particular goods or service at a lower marginal and opportunity cost than others is referred to as the theory of comparative advantage. This goes on to explain why two or more involved parties in mutual trade can benefit from each other even when one party has fewer goods or resources to offer as compared to the other. Focusing on the production of the one product that most benefit each individual of the party, can result in the overall net benefit when it is applied to everyone through mutual trade. The theory of comparative advantage can be applied to free trade because it increases the trade, business and investment opportunities in the respective economies. Duty free to zero tariffs make it easier to overcome the assumptions of the theory which doesn’t take into consideration the transport costs. Free trade, especially when paired with specialization is mutually significantly more beneficial to all those involved in trade than protectionism, and the general conclusion of the field is that most of the time, for most of the countries, free trade is the best policy (Milner, 1999).
一个国家、公司或个人以低于其他国家的边际成本和机会成本生产特定商品或服务的能力被称为比较优势理论。这进一步解释了为什么即使一方提供的货物或资源比另一方少，但共同贸易中的两个或多个参与方也能从中受益。专注于生产一种最有利于党的每一个人的产品，当它通过相互贸易应用于每个人时，可以产生整体净收益。比较优势理论可以应用于自由贸易，因为它增加了各自经济体的贸易、商业和投资机会。免关税至零关税使人们更容易克服不考虑运输成本的理论假设。自由贸易，特别是当与专业化相结合时，对所有参与贸易的人都比保护主义更加有利，该领域的一般结论是，大多数时候，对大多数国家来说，自由贸易是最好的政策。
Regime Theory 政体理论
An example of international regime in International Relation can be described as the international trade system that has been identified by General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade agreements (GATT) and has been institutionalised by the establishment of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The international regime secures the collective interest and provides goods to states in an ‘anarchic international system with no central authorities’ (Kirkelund: 25). The WTO aims to achieve the collective interests in free trade by making the member states cooperate on trade liberalisation and removes trade barriers thus enabling free trade.
国际关系中的国际制度的一个例子可以被描述为《关税及贸易总协定》（GATT）所确定的国际贸易体系，并随着世界贸易组织（WTO）的成立而制度化。国际制度确保集体利益，并在“无政府的国际体系中向国家提供货物，没有中央权力”。世贸组织旨在通过使成员国在贸易自由化方面进行合作，消除贸易壁垒，从而实现自由贸易中的集体利益。
Significance of AUSFTA 澳大利亚-美国自由贸易协定的意义
There were several events that lead up to the AUSFTA. The failure of WTO negotiations in Seattle, Australia’s fear that in the absence of a new multilateral trade agreement, it would be risky for the country to be shut out from a lucrative market and the election of Bush administration all played a key role for the AUSFTA negotiations to begin. Bayne in his 2000 article argues that there could be three reasons for failure of negotiations in Seattle. The three possible causes that have been identified are disruption by NGOs, organisational weakness of the WTO and errors of the government; wherein the majority of blame lies in the government. Governments and international organisations like the United Nations and the European Union hadn’t fully grasped the extent of demands placed upon them by globalisation.
有几个事件促成了AUSFTA。西雅图世贸组织谈判的失败，澳大利亚担心在没有新的多边贸易协议的情况下，该国被排除在有利可图的市场之外是有风险的，而布什政府的当选对澳大利亚自由贸易区谈判的开始起到了关键作用。贝恩在2000年的文章中指出，西雅图谈判失败可能有三个原因。已查明的三个可能原因是非政府组织的破坏、世贸组织的组织弱点和政府的错误；其中大部分责任在于政府。各国政府和国际组织，如联合国和欧盟，尚未充分了解全球化对他们的要求。
The signing of AUSTFA was an important date in the history which solidified Australia’s trade and investment relationship with the world’s largest as well as the richest economy, which also happened to be the biggest importer and exporter of services and merchandise. In the world of continuous growth and competitive market, this agreement made sure that Australia continued to remain an attractive destination for US investment. Even for the Australian exporting industries, the Agreement liberalised access to a key world market, unlocking previously inaccessible export opportunities. The US waives the Merchandise and Processing Fee that it levies on all of its imports, which saves the Australian industry around $10 million USD per year. With its status as a Free Trade Agreement partner as well, Australia is protected from any future global safeguard actions and will be automatically exempted from any safeguard restrictions placed by the US. So, what does the agreement mean to some of the different Australian sectors? For most, it meant that the doors to previously inaccessible US markets were now unlocked and duty-free trade could now commence (“Overview”, 2018).
AUSTFA的签署是历史上一个重要的日子，它巩固了澳大利亚与世界上最大和最富有的经济体的贸易和投资关系，而该经济体恰好也是最大的服务和商品进口国和出口国。在持续增长和竞争激烈的市场环境中，这项协议确保澳大利亚继续成为美国投资的一个有吸引力的目的地。即使对澳大利亚的出口行业来说，该协议也开放了进入一个关键的世界市场的机会，释放了以前无法获得的出口机会。美国放弃对所有进口商品征收的商品和加工费，这为澳大利亚工业每年节省了约1000万美元。澳大利亚作为自由贸易协定伙伴国的地位也受到保护，不受未来任何全球保障行动的影响，并将自动免除美国的任何保障限制。那么，该协议对澳大利亚不同行业意味着什么？对大多数人来说，这意味着以前无法进入的美国市场的大门现在已经打开，免税贸易现在可以开始了。
The manufacturers 制造商
For the manufacturers, it meant that non-agricultural tariff (excluding textiles and clothing) became duty free from the day the agreement came into force, cutting down on more than 97% of the previous tariff. The 25% tax on light commercial vehicle that kept Australian utes from taking over the American markets were lifted, and the automotive industry was able to penetrate the US market. Australian manufacturers also now have direct access to the US Federal Government procurement market that had been valued over $535 billon US Dollars per year in 2011. The 50% tax on merchant ship repairs and maintenance that was included under the Jones Act as a way of protecting US’s maritime issues was also removed. All of this coming into immediate effect made it possible for the Australian products to get into US markets easily (“2. National Treatment and Market Access for Goods (including Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme)”, 2018).
对制造商来说，这意味着非农业关税（不包括纺织品和服装）从协议生效之日起开始免税，比之前的关税降低了97%以上。澳大利亚取消了对轻型商用车征收25%的税，该税阻止了澳大利亚汽车公司占领美国市场，汽车行业得以进入美国市场。澳大利亚制造商现在也可以直接进入美国联邦政府采购市场，2011年，该市场每年的价值超过5350亿美元。《琼斯法案》中规定的商船维修和维护税50%，作为保护美国海事问题的一种方式，也被取消。所有这些立即生效，使澳大利亚产品能够轻松进入美国市场。
The farmers 农民
Immediately after the agreement was signed, sixty six percent of tariffs on agriculture was cut down and dropped to zero. Furthermore, on the 1st of January 2008, 4 years after the agreement came into effect, there was a further 9% taxes that were also dropped to zero. The exportation of lamb and sheep meat which had the most tariffs were instantly dropped to zero. There was also a clause that allowed a guaranteed annual quota increment which will grow by 18.5 percent over 18 years. By 2023, there will be unlimited duty-free access to beef exports as well (“3. Agriculture”, 2018). For the first time in history, Australian avocado farmers had access to US market and the tariff for exporting produce such as mangoes, tomatoes, macadamias and oranges were immediately reduced to zero as well. Other food items like celeral, wheat and cereal flour mixes, processes food and a range of baby food and fruit juices were also put to the zero-tariff threshold. Australian seafood as well as canned tuna now are able to export to the US market duty free as well. The Australian agricultural industry had a lot to gain with the AUSFTA (“Overview”, 2018) .
协议签署后，农业关税的66%立即被削减并降至零。此外，在协议生效4年后的2008年1月1日，还有9%的税收也降至零。关税最高的羊肉和羊肉的出口立即降至零。还有一项条款允许保证每年的配额增量，在18年内将增长18.5%。到2023年，牛肉出口也将无限免税。历史上，澳大利亚牛油果农民首次进入美国市场，芒果、西红柿、澳洲坚果和橙子等出口产品的关税也立即降至零。其他食品如芹菜、小麦和谷物粉混合物、加工食品以及一系列婴儿食品和果汁也被设定为零关税门槛。澳大利亚海鲜和金枪鱼罐头现在也可以免税出口到美国市场。澳大利亚农业产业在澳大利亚自由贸易协定中获益匪浅。
The service providers 服务提供商
Australian education services are quite popular among students in the US and the services that benefit from the arrival of students in Australia are more than just the universities. Grocery stores, restaurants, tourist attractions and real estate industries benefit too. People who want to transfer jobs and move across the world can do it freely due to the recognition of the qualifications between US and Australia. The Australian service suppliers are legally protected from discriminated in a market of more than 300 million people; a significant improvement from the commitment the US had through the WTO.
澳大利亚的教育服务在美国学生中非常受欢迎，而从澳大利亚学生的到来中受益的服务不仅仅是大学。杂货店、餐馆、旅游景点和房地产行业也从中受益。由于美国和澳大利亚之间的资格认可，想要在世界各地转移工作和迁移的人可以自由地进行。在3亿多人口的市场中，澳大利亚服务供应商受到法律保护，不受歧视；与美国通过世贸组织作出的承诺相比，这是一个显著的进步。
Other industries 其他行业
All metal can be exported to the US duty free due to the agreement. Both the countries have agreed upon the same criminal standards for copyright infringement. The Australian DCM wasn’t as detailed as the American DMCA , and with the AUSFTA the copyright industry benefits from an extended terms of protection (“17. Intellectual Property Rights”, 2018). This makes the Australian market even more attractive to US investment as the investors know they are being protected by the laws they are familiar with. Australia also retains the rights to be flexible about the implementation of the agreement depending on the domestic situation (“11. Investment”, 2018).
根据协议，所有金属都可以免税出口到美国。这两个国家已经就侵犯版权的行为达成了相同的刑事标准。澳大利亚DCM不像美国DMCA那样详细，而通过AUSFTA，版权行业受益于延长的保护条款。这使得澳大利亚市场对美国投资更具吸引力，因为投资者知道他们受到他们熟悉的法律的保护。澳大利亚还保留根据国内情况灵活执行协议的权利。
Criticisms of the AUSFTA 对澳美自由贸易协定的批评
The Australia US Free Trade Agreement sparked a large community debate in the country that spanned a total of 18 months in 2003-4 until the legislation was taken into effect in 2004. There have been many instances where the Australian government has rushed the agreements, even when it went against the advice given by their own negotiators which has led to them accepting outcomes that weren’t as beneficial to Australia (Capling and Ravenhill, 2015). In the years that have followed, China has now overtaken USA’s position of being Australia’s largest trade partner instead (“Australia’s trade in goods and services 2016”, 2018). The following authors believe that AUSFTA is one of the exemplary cases of Australian government rushing agreements.
《澳美自由贸易协定》在该国引发了一场大规模的社区辩论，从2003年到2004年，这场辩论总共持续了18个月，直到该立法生效，即使这违背了他们自己的谈判代表给出的建议，导致他们接受了对澳大利亚不利的结果）。在随后的几年中，中国已取代美国成为澳大利亚最大的贸易伙伴。以下作者认为，澳美自由贸易协定是澳大利亚政府匆忙达成协议的典型案例之一。
Trade Diversions 贸易多样化
The Australia-US Free Trade Agreement has raised some concerns of it being a Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA), where considerable trade and investment might be diverted from low-cost and efficient suppliers to high-cost PTA countries due to strong preferences towards them. These preferences are generally developed through what is called the most-favoured-nation rates (MFN), where goods can be imported at low or zero tariff rates. Using econometric modelling on the Productivity Commissions dataset from 1970-2012 Shiro Armstrong found that in 2009, ‘20 to 30 per cent of Australian imports from the United States entered under a non-zero MFN tariff rate. (Armstronga, 2015).’ This in turn has led to discrimination towards non-members. In the same report, Shiro also found by comparing AUSFTA with other free trade models that indeed the preferential treatment between Australia and United States had diverted away imports and exports from other countries that they deal with. This is however, not a natural outcome of free trade agreements, as when looking at agreements which were not preferential like APEC, ASEAN and European Economic Community there were not trade diversions detected. The negatives of such preferential treatments are a generally a decrease in net trade and creation of bad relationship with other trading countries (Armstronga, 2015). Shiro reports in another article that due to this preferential agreements and trade diversion both the countries cost themselves US$53 billion in their trade with rest of the world and are worse off than they would have been without the agreement (Armstrongb, 2015).
《澳美自由贸易协定》引发了一些担忧，认为它是一项优惠贸易协定，由于对这些国家的强烈偏好，大量的贸易和投资可能会从低成本和高效率的供应商转移到高成本的PTA国家。这些优惠通常是通过所谓的最惠国税率来制定的，即货物可以以低税率或零税率进口。利用1970-2012年生产力委员会数据集的经济计量模型，Shiro Armstrong发现，2009年，澳大利亚从美国进口的产品中，有20%至30%是在非零最惠国税率下进口的。这反过来又导致了对非成员的歧视。在同一份报告中，Shiro还通过将澳大利亚自由贸易区与其他自由贸易模式进行比较发现，澳大利亚和美国之间的优惠待遇确实转移了他们所处理的其他国家的进出口。然而，这并不是自由贸易协定的自然结果，因为在研究APEC、东盟和欧洲经济共同体等非优惠协定时，没有发现贸易转移。这种优惠待遇的负面影响通常是净贸易的减少以及与其他贸易国家的不良关系）。Shiro在另一篇文章中报告称，由于这一优惠协议和贸易转移，两国在与世界其他国家的贸易中都损失了530亿美元，而且比没有协议的情况更糟。
Omission of Sugar in exports 糖业在出口中的缺失
According to Capling and Ravenhill (2015) the then prime minister John Howard was not one to calmly assess the cost and benefit of an agreement. Consequently, when he spearheaded the Australia-US Free Trade agreement it became one of the more harmful of these rushed agreements. It is reported that he ignored the advice given by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, who advised him to not accept agreements that excluded meaningful concessions of some of Australia’s key agricultural exports (Capling, 2005). One of these key agricultural exports being sugar. If the agreement had gone in favour of Australia, the local producers would have gotten access to the large but heavily protected American market. However, under the AUSFTA sugar has not been included as exports from Australia (Dee, 2005). Many believe that this is to protect the thriving sugar industry in US. As a response to these concerns the Australian Government announced a $440 million fund as relief to the sugar industry. However, Phillipa Dee in her economic analysis of the free trade agreement points out that this $440 million fund can only be funded from an additional tax revenue, which means the burden of which will eventually fall on the consumers. Going a step further the author calculates the welfare cost of raising the fund through tax revenue, and it adds up to be $5 million per year for perpetuity.
根据Capling和Ravenhill的说法，当时的首相约翰·霍华德不是一个冷静评估协议成本和收益的人。因此，当他带头推动澳大利亚-美国自由贸易协定时，成为这些仓促达成的协定中最有害的一项。据报道，他忽视了外交和贸易部的建议，后者建议他不要接受那些排除澳大利亚一些关键农产品出口的有意义让步的协议。其中一个关键的农产品出口是糖。如果该协议对澳大利亚有利，当地生产商将能够进入规模庞大但受到严格保护的美国市场。然而，根据澳大利亚自由贸易协定，糖未被列为澳大利亚的出口产品。许多人认为这是为了保护美国蓬勃发展的糖业。作为对这些担忧的回应，澳大利亚政府宣布了一项4.4亿美元的基金，作为对糖业的救济。然而，Phillipa Dee在对自由贸易协定的经济分析中指出，这笔4.4亿美元的资金只能从额外的税收中获得，这意味着最终将由消费者负担。更进一步，作者计算了通过税收筹集基金的福利成本，其总和为每年500万美元。
Changes to PBS 药品福利计划变更
Perhaps one of the potentially harmful points in the free trade agreement are the changes that allow US multinational companies to pressure PBS into approving their drugs. Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS) is a tool used by the Department of Health and Ageing to provide ‘timely access to the medicines that Australians need, at a cost individuals’ and the community can afford’ (“National Medicines Policy”, 2014). Under this scheme an expert committee selected certain medicines to be listed on the PBS, and the full cost of these listed medicines are not directly passed on to the patients. Instead, the patients make co-payments which is a small portion of the actual cost of the medicine. The PBS stands as a body that deals in the stead of consumers with large pharmaceutical companies and determines the fair cost of a drug. However, the Australia-US Free Trade agreement would allow US multinationals to coerce and threaten the power PBS to stand as a fair body. This is beneficial for US companies as having power over PBS means that they can price their medicines according to the market they are operating in reducing the price differences in markets. This is the most basic principle in economics which discourages people from arbitrage, which is the act of buying goods or services from geographical markets where prices are lower. Therefore, this will most likely lead to increases in prices of medicines in the future. Furthermore, in the current system if a company’s drug is rejected either due to quality or price, it is only able to appeal for the decision after substantial proof has been collected of improved quality or better prices. However, with the FTA an alternative independent review process can be requested, which means it will become easier to get another decision if they do not agree with the one made by PBS (Faunce, Bai & Nguyen, 2010).
自由贸易协定中可能有害的一点是允许美国跨国公司向PBS施压以批准其药品的变化。药品福利计划是健康与老龄化部门使用的一种工具，旨在“以个人和社区能够负担的成本及时获得澳大利亚人所需的药品”。根据这项计划，一个专家委员会选择了某些药物在PBS上上市，这些上市药物的全部费用不会直接转嫁给患者。相反，患者支付的共同费用仅占药品实际成本的一小部分。PBS是一个代表消费者与大型制药公司进行交易的机构，它决定了药品的公平成本。然而，澳美自由贸易协定将允许美国跨国公司胁迫和威胁PBS作为一个公平机构的权力。这对美国公司来说是有益的，因为拥有PBS的权力意味着他们可以根据他们所经营的市场来定价，以减少市场的价格差异。这是经济学中最基本的原则，它阻止人们进行套利，即从价格较低的地理市场购买商品或服务的行为。因此，这极有可能导致未来药品价格上涨。此外，在目前的制度中，如果一家公司的药物因质量或价格而被拒绝，则只有在收集到质量提高或价格提高的实质性证据后，该公司才能对该决定提出上诉。然而，自由贸易协定可以要求一个替代的独立审查程序，这意味着如果他们不同意PBS的决定，将更容易做出另一个决定。
The IP lock-in 知识产权锁定
One of the biggest criticisms of the free trade agreement is that significant parts of the Australian Intellectual Property Law was allowed to be re-written as a pre-requisite for the free trade deal. This according to Kimberlee Weatherall of The University of Melbourne is a huge blow for innovation and creativity in Australia. Kimberlee states that generally treaty obligations are stated in a broad level so that both parties have some level of flexibility, and that it is left upon the countries to create adequate legal protection and punishment against the violation of IP laws. However, the chapter on IP rights is so detailed that it locks in Australia to one specific model of IP law (Weatherall, 2004, pp: 2). This kind of detailed treaty has two downfalls. First, IP laws need to be country specific and go hand in hand with the level of innovativeness of the country, therefore, sometimes the Australia government has granted patents to software creations that would have otherwise not passed the criteria. However, now since the Australian law is forced to look more like the US law, certain companies might face fines or might not even be able to start up. Secondly, IP laws are meant to be reviewed frequently to keep up with the pace of technological innovations. Since the adherence to the US IP law is so strict, the Intellectual Property laws in Australia might just be a hindrance. For instance, the view of what is considered fair use of copyright material is very different in US and Australia. While in Australia under the Digital Rights Management Laws, for instance, its frowned upon and not very strictly pursued by the copyright owners when a person makes a copy of music they bought so that they can upload it into their iPod. However, with the strict US laws this is considered a serious offence and acts like these can be pursued by the owners more strictly (Weatherall, 2004).
对自由贸易协定最大的批评之一是，澳大利亚知识产权法的重要部分被允许重新编写，作为自由贸易协定的先决条件。墨尔本大学的Kimberlee Weatherall认为，这对澳大利亚的创新和创造力来说是一个巨大的打击。金伯利表示，一般来说，条约义务都是在广泛的层面上规定的，因此双方都有一定程度的灵活性，因此各国有责任为违反知识产权法的行为提供充分的法律保护和惩罚。然而，关于知识产权的章节非常详细，以至于在澳大利亚，它锁定了知识产权法的一个特定模式。这种详细的条约有两个缺点。首先，知识产权法需要针对具体国家，并与该国的创新水平同步，因此，有时澳大利亚政府会授予那些原本不符合标准的软件创作专利。然而，现在由于澳大利亚法律被迫看起来更像美国法律，某些公司可能面临罚款，甚至可能无法启动。其次，知识产权法需要经常审查，以跟上技术创新的步伐。由于对美国知识产权法的遵守如此严格，澳大利亚的知识产权法可能只是一个障碍。例如，美国和澳大利亚对版权材料的合理使用的看法截然不同。例如，在澳大利亚，根据《数字版权管理法》，当一个人制作他们购买的音乐的副本，以便将其上传到iPod中时，版权所有者对此表示不满，也没有严格要求。然而，根据严格的美国法律，这被视为严重违法行为，业主可以更严格地追究此类行为。
Conclusion 结论
In conclusion, although the Australia US Free Trade Agreement was originally designed to help the Australian economy grow and take hold in the US markets, that’s not how it panned out. Instead, trade between the two countries diminished and China managed to overtake the US as Australia’s largest trading partner. The Free Trade Agreement was rushed and could have been negotiated better by the Howard Government, which can be seen in the unfavourable terms that Australia agreed to, in order to secure the deal. With hindsight, it is easy to see that the major changes to IP laws and the increase in power of US multinational against PBS put Australia at a massive economic disadvantage. All in all, everyone had high expectations form the trade agreement but when it couldn’t deliver on those expectations many saw this a colossal failure on the part of the Howard Government.
总之，尽管《澳美自由贸易协定》最初旨在帮助澳大利亚经济增长并在美国市场站稳脚跟，但事实并非如此。相反，两国之间的贸易减少，中国成功超越美国成为澳大利亚最大的贸易伙伴。《自由贸易协定》是仓促达成的，霍华德政府本可以更好地进行谈判，这可以从澳大利亚同意的不利条件中看出，以确保达成协议。事后看来，很容易看出，知识产权法的重大变化以及美国跨国公司对PBS的权力增加，使澳大利亚处于巨大的经济劣势。总而言之，每个人都对贸易协议抱有很高的期望，但当它不能实现这些期望时，许多人认为这是霍华德政府的巨大失败。本站提供各国各专业Essay写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。
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