Literature Review写作范文：Development and Impact of Cyber Crime

Literature Review写作范文-网络犯罪的发展及其影响。本文是一篇留学生论文文献综述Literature Review格式范文，主要内容是讲述随着互联网的引入，人们的意识成倍地提高，因为只需点击一下，就可以获得更多的知识。尽管互联网带来了种种好处，但某些问题仍然存在，其中之一就是网络犯罪。在这篇Literature Review中，作者想讨论一下网络犯罪的演变，随着时间的推移，随着技术的出现，导致风险上升的剧烈变化，以及网络犯罪者的激励因素是什么，讨论的是年轻一代在个人层面上的受害情况，即受害者如何成为犯罪分子的目标，导致个人身份信息的丢失和经济损失，而如果我们谈论针对组织的目标，则会导致内部犯罪、域名的恶意注册和电子垃圾的产生。最后，应该采取的措施，如果不是为了彻底根除网络犯罪，至少是为了尽可能减少各级网络犯罪。以下就是这篇Literature Review文献综述范文的全部内容，供参考。

CYBERCRIME: A FIGHT AGAINST CYBER PERPETRATORS 网络犯罪：打击网络犯罪者

ABSTRACT 摘要

With the introduction of the internet, awareness of people has increased manifoldly due to increase in the access to knowledge, by just a click away. Despite all the benefits of internet, certain issues do persist and one of them being cybercrime. In this literature review, I would like to discuss about the evolution of cybercrime, the drastic changes which are incurring with the advent of technology as the days pass by leading to rise in risks, and finding what the encouragement factor for the cyber perpetrators is. Next, discussion being on the victimization of younger generation at individual level that how the victims are targeted by criminals leading to loss of personal identity details and financial loss whereas if we talk about the targets towards the organizations, it leads to inside crime, malicious registrations of domains and e-waste generation. Lastly, measures which should be adopted, if not for complete eradication but at least leading to minimization of cybercrime at all the levels possible.

INTRODUCTION 引言

Regardless to the commercialization of the Internet and other new information and communication technologies just two or three decades prior, various types of cybercrime have turned into a daily event. The focus of its violations extends from government and multinational enterprises to people, hence leading to an extensive variety of research enthusiasm in regards to the potential ramifications (Näsi, Oksanen, Keipi & Räsänen 2015, pp. 203-210)

尽管在二三十年前互联网和其他新的信息和通信技术已经商业化，但各种类型的网络犯罪已经变成了日常事件。其违规行为的焦点从政府和跨国企业延伸到了人们，因此引发了人们对潜在后果的广泛研究热情

“Cybercrime is defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (child pornography, hate crimes)”. “Cybercriminals may use computer technology to access personal information, business trade secrets, or use the internet for exploitive or malicious purposes”. “Criminals who perform these illegal activities are often referred to as hackers” (Geetha & Phamila 2016, p. 58).

“网络犯罪是指计算机成为犯罪对象（黑客攻击、网络钓鱼、垃圾邮件）或被用作犯罪工具（儿童色情、仇恨犯罪）的犯罪”。“网络犯罪分子可能使用计算机技术获取个人信息、商业商业秘密，或将互联网用于剥削或恶意目的”。“从事这些非法活动的罪犯通常被称为黑客”。

As indicated by the Global Cyber Executive Briefing, it was normal that “virtually all organizations will be attacked” and in this way top corporate administrators “need to better understand their biggest threats and which assets — typically those at the heart of their business’s mission — are at the greatest risk” (Cybercrime: No Bajan business is safe 2014).

正如全球网络高管简报所指出的，“几乎所有组织都会受到攻击”是正常的，通过这种方式，企业高层管理人员“需要更好地了解他们最大的威胁，以及哪些资产——通常是他们业务使命的核心资产——风险最大”。

Due to the rise of cybercrime extensively and having a 100 percent guaranteed defence against cyber-attacks is next to impossible. One needs to combat the threats created by the digitization of internet in the society for a safer and secure environment among people (Pupillo 2013, pp. 151-152,159).

由于网络犯罪的广泛兴起，几乎不可能100%保证防御网络攻击。人们需要应对互联网数字化在社会中造成的威胁，为人们创造一个更安全的环境。

In this literature review I would like to discuss about how to cybercrime got evolved, threats that are targeting the vulnerabilities such as to younger generation at individual level and the business or government organisations at large, whereas how various measures can be undertaken to combat the cybercrime.

在这篇文献综述中，我想讨论网络犯罪是如何演变的，针对漏洞的威胁，例如针对个人层面的年轻一代和整个企业或政府组织，以及如何采取各种措施来打击网络犯罪。

EVOLUTION OF CYBERCRIME (WHAT ENCOURAGES THE CYBER PERPETRATORS?)网络犯罪的演变（是什么鼓励了网络犯罪者？）

As per Alstin (2016, p. 2) the concept of computer virus was very alienated term for many in the early 2000 when the internet was being adopted. Whereas, when at schools teachers used to discuss regarding computer viruses, it was very difficult to comprehend what they were trying to reference and various thoughts used to emerge in the mind that why would someone squander resources on such a thing. As the years passed by the term cybercrime began to be more actively used in headlines i.e. “hospitals and health systems held hostage by computer programs launched by elite cybercriminals”, moreover Alstin (2016, p. 2) on the other hand talks about the Symantec 2016 Internet Security Threat Report which denotes how much drastic change has occurred in cybercrime and “organizations that have made cybercrime their business, intelligently designing software to more effectively cripple their targets and undermine defences”.

根据Alstin的说法，在2000年初互联网被采用时，计算机病毒的概念对许多人来说是一个非常陌生的术语。然而，在学校里，当老师们讨论计算机病毒时，很难理解他们试图参考什么，脑海中经常出现各种想法，为什么有人会在这样的事情上浪费资源。随着时间的推移，网络犯罪一词开始在头条新闻中更加积极地使用，即“被精英网络罪犯启动的计算机程序劫持的医院和卫生系统”，此外，Alstin另一方面谈到了赛门铁克2016年互联网安全威胁报告，该报告指出了网络犯罪发生了多大的变化，以及“将网络犯罪作为其业务的组织，智能地设计软件，以更有效地削弱其目标并破坏防御”。

The worldwide technology scene was altogether different in the late spring of 2010: Nokia was the pioneer in smartphone industry, NASA had joined hands with Rackspace to learn more about cloud computing, and Intel was prepared to obtain McAfee to end up distinctly an overwhelming hitter in the cybersecurity world. Steak forward to today “Intel says, it underestimated the rapid evolution of cybercrime over the past five years” and highlights how the attacks have risen with the advent of new technology these days (ICT Monitor Worldwide 2015).

2010年春末，世界范围内的技术场景完全不同：诺基亚是智能手机行业的先驱，美国国家航空航天局与Rackspace联手了解更多关于云计算的信息，英特尔准备收购McAfee，最终在网络安全界成为一个压倒性的打击者。展望今天，“英特尔表示，它低估了过去五年网络犯罪的快速发展”，并强调了随着新技术的出现，攻击是如何增加的。

Martin (2015, pp. 207-220) has examined that “The incentives in cybercrime are classic in that they encourage attack and discourage defence” as a result cybercrime generates higher returns at a reduced risk which ultimately incurs less cost for the hackers. Moreover the exploitation techniques such as “social engineering” in which the hacker “cybercriminal tricks a user into granting access” whereas the “vulnerability exploitation” technique where the “hacker gains advantage by a programming or implementation failure to gain access”. The fact that risk and cost involved in a cybercriminal activity is very low, it becomes irresistible for hackers to not victimize someone even if the rate of return per victim is favourably low (Martin 2015, pp. 207-220).

Martin研究了“网络犯罪的激励机制是经典的，因为它们鼓励攻击，阻碍防御”，因此网络犯罪以更低的风险产生更高的回报，最终降低了黑客的成本。此外，诸如“社会工程”之类的利用技术，黑客“网络罪犯诱骗用户授予访问权限”，而“漏洞利用”技术，“黑客通过编程或实现失败获得访问权限而获得优势”。事实上，网络犯罪活动涉及的风险和成本非常低，即使每个受害者的回报率很低，黑客也不伤害他人，这是不可抗拒的。

VICTIMIZATION OF YOUNGER GENERATION (INDIVIDUAL LEVEL)年轻一代受害情况（个人层面）

Cybercrime at an individual level often arises due to victimization by a known assailant, and if we compare the figures of cybercrime victimization, they were higher in the younger generation than the older generation. According to Oksanen and Keipi (2013, pp. 298-309) “2.5% of respondents aged 15-74 years reported being victims of cybercrime in 2008 and among the ages of 15-24, the figure was 5.3%.”

个人层面的网络犯罪往往是由于已知攻击者的伤害而发生的，如果我们比较网络犯罪的伤害数字，年轻一代的伤害数字高于老一辈。根据Oksanen和Keipi的数据，“2008年，2.5%的15-74岁受访者报告称自己是网络犯罪的受害者，而在15-24岁的受访者中，这一数字为5.3%。”

Ever since 2007, the Australian Institute of Criminology has recorded data on online personal fraud by doing some online surveys of the scam invites received by victims during the last 12 months and the outcome being, 95% of them reported being a victim of online scam invitations and 8% of the total lost around $8,000 per head which turns to be a total of $846,170. The most frequent types of scam being fraudulent lotteries and emails, as reported by 72% people. The ones who were financially affected by this scam, 61.5% of those were females, 36.8% were men and the remaining 1.7% were the ones who didn’t disclose their gender.

自2007年以来，澳大利亚犯罪学研究所通过对受害者在过去12个月内收到的诈骗邀请进行在线调查，记录了网上个人诈骗的数据，结果是，95%的受害者报告称自己是网上诈骗邀请的受害者，8%的人每人损失约8000美元，总计846170美元。据72%的人报告，最常见的骗局类型是欺诈性彩票和电子邮件。受此骗局经济影响的人中，61.5%是女性，36.8%是男性，其余1.7%是没有透露性别的人。

An interview of 750 victims of a cybercrime was done in United Kingdom to understand how it affected them, to which 68% had emerged a feeling of anger, 45% were traumatised by monetary loss, 44% were stressed out and 37% faced psychological imbalance. For instance, as per BBC News (2008) an online Nigerian lottery fraud happened in which a Chinese student after reaching England for study had incurred a loss of £6,000 or more had committed suicide under pressure due to the scam in Nigeria.

英国对750名网络犯罪受害者进行了采访，以了解其对他们的影响，其中68%的人产生了愤怒感，45%的人因金钱损失而受到创伤，44%的人压力过大，37%的人面临心理失衡。例如，据英国广播公司新闻报道，尼日利亚发生了一起在线彩票诈骗案，一名中国学生在抵达英国学习后损失6000英镑或以上，在尼日利亚的诈骗案中迫于压力自杀。

Furthermore re-victimization is also creating a huge issue for the victims because once their details (financial and personal) are received by the perpetrators, they include all that in a list called “sucker list” through which another fraudster can defraud the person again by a scheme called “recovery fraud” in which the victim is approached online to recover the money lost at the first place (Cross, Cassandra, Smith, Russell G, Richards & Kelly 2014).

此外，再次受害也给受害者带来了一个巨大的问题，因为一旦犯罪者收到他们的详细信息（财务和个人信息），他们将所有这些都包括在一个名为“傻瓜名单”的列表中，通过该列表，另一个欺诈者可以通过一个称为“追回欺诈”的计划再次诈骗该人，在该计划中，受害者首先在网上寻求追回损失的钱。

A report was released by Symantec supported by a market research company StrategyOne, gathering votes of 77000 individuals of various nations to evaluate their notions on cybercrime, of which 65% respondents were victims of cybercrime and only 44% of them lodged a complaint to the police. There were various concerns of under reporting like it’s a shear: wastage of time and effort and again a survey done by Symantec proved that 80% of the voters didn’t expect the cybercriminal getting caught. Moreover no one wants to be a victim because there is no chance of getting help from the police due to lack of resources most of the times, whereas there is neither any “motivational reward” for reporting such crime, rather the victims are called fools to fall for such traps, which ultimately results in “negative, rather than positive reinforcement” (Goucher 2010, pp. 16-18).

赛门铁克发布了一份由市场研究公司StrategyOne支持的报告，收集了来自不同国家的77000人的选票，以评估他们对网络犯罪的看法，其中65%的受访者是网络犯罪的受害者，只有44%的人向警方提出了投诉。有各种各样的担忧认为报道不足：浪费时间和精力，赛门铁克的一项调查再次证明，80%的选民没有想到网络罪犯会被抓住。此外，没有人想成为受害者，因为大多数时候由于缺乏资源，没有机会从警方获得帮助，而举报此类犯罪既没有任何“动机奖励”，相反，受害者被称为落入此类陷阱的傻瓜，最终导致“负向而非正向强化”。

TARGETING THE BUSINESS/GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS 针对商业/政府组织

Cybercrime does not solely targets an individual, huge businesses are also a targeted and in such a case the victim has a greater reason to keep shut because a firm has a certain reputation in front of their customers and the top management won’t be willing to disrupt that by portraying unethical acts which might hamper the customer’s data. So, in such a case the employee who has been affected by a cybercrime and is already under huge pressure and stress, might be willing to commit crime against the employer as well and extract the required money for his/her own condition. For instance, banks instruct the managers how to tackle with situations like when their family is threatened to compromise with them for an ‘inside crime’, but whatever the case maybe the persons priority will always be towards the welfare of their family and the bank is affected more or less (Goucher 2010, pp. 16-18).

网络犯罪不仅针对个人，大型企业也是目标，在这种情况下，受害者有更大的理由保持沉默，因为一家公司在客户面前有一定的声誉，而最高管理层不愿意通过描绘可能妨碍客户数据的不道德行为来破坏这一声誉。因此，在这种情况下，受到网络犯罪影响并已经承受巨大压力和压力的员工可能也愿意对雇主实施犯罪，并根据自己的情况提取所需的资金。例如，银行指导管理人员如何应对诸如他们的家人因“内部犯罪”而威胁要与他们妥协等情况，但无论在何种情况下，这些人的首要任务始终是家人的福利，银行或多或少会受到影响。

Now if we talk about online fraud in media, Deloitte has analysed certain ventures of online media are most vulnerable to cyber threats and undermines the status of various organisations which were facing rising complex attacks which includes various government agencies as well (Cybercrime: No Bajan business is safe 2014).

现在，如果我们谈论媒体中的网络欺诈，德勤分析了某些网络媒体企业最容易受到网络威胁，并破坏了各种组织的地位，这些组织正面临越来越多的复杂攻击，其中包括各种政府机构。

A report has been prepared by Jacksonville (2016), focusing on a case in which 81 companies in Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 (FTSE 100) who had “potentially malicious domain registrations against them, enabling cyber criminals to create dummy websites that can be used to trick users into supplying private data.” There were 527 dummy domain names registered which ultimately targeted the brand and the credential information of an organisation. What actually happened was the employees of FTSE 100 compromised the official email and password combination for other purposes like for gaming websites etc., in total 100 out of 5275 emails and passwords were compromised for the hackers to gain access to the potentially important and sensitive information of those companies.

杰克逊维尔编写了一份报告，重点关注英国《金融时报》100指数（FTSE 100）中的81家公司“潜在的恶意域名注册，使网络犯罪分子能够创建可用于诱骗用户提供私人数据的虚假网站”。“共注册了527个虚拟域名，最终针对的是某个组织的品牌和证书信息。事实上，富时100指数的员工出于游戏网站等其他目的泄露了官方电子邮件和密码组合，5275封电子邮件和密码中共有100封被黑客泄露，以获取这些公司潜在的重要和敏感信息。

As published by Martin (2015, pp. 207-220) another issue which has emerged these days is of cyber threats caused by e-wastes which act as a medium of leaking the highly confidential information of various government organisations. For example, In Ghana certain hard drives were purchased online from eBay comprising information of US military defence system, to which an analysis was made by some researchers, and they found that 160 computer hard disks had been purchased from various nations like United States, the United Kingdom, Australia & Germany, and they could extract readable data from only 60 drives, which contained 48% information regarding the organisation, 53% regarding certain individuals and 5% of that information was examined as unlawful. The reason being for all this was due to ignorance towards “in-house” recycling.

正如Martin发表的那样，最近出现的另一个问题是电子垃圾造成的网络威胁，电子垃圾是泄露各种政府组织高度机密信息的媒介。例如，在加纳，某些硬盘是从eBay上在线购买的，其中包括美国军事防御系统的信息，一些研究人员对此进行了分析，他们发现从美国、英国、澳大利亚和德国等国家购买了160个计算机硬盘，他们只能从60个硬盘中提取可读数据，其中48%的信息涉及该组织，53%的信息涉及某些个人，5%的信息被视为非法。造成这一切的原因是对“内部”回收的无知。

MEASURES TO COMBAT CYBERCRIME 打击网络犯罪的措施

Cyber security does not solely reply on the IT department of an organisation. All the other departments should also be proactive towards it. Keeping this in mind Cybercrime Response Strategy (CRS) should be adopted in a workplace to keep a track of the threats faced by employees and organisation (Kenya 2014).

网络安全不仅仅取决于组织的IT部门。所有其他部门也应积极主动。牢记这一点，应在工作场所采用网络犯罪应对策略，以跟踪员工和组织面临的威胁。

Security awareness training should be provided to individuals in an organisation for their own as well as the organisation’s benefit, by encouraging them to keep themselves and their family protected by being aware regarding the various cyber threats. Moreover, intimating the organisation about any security issues which arise so that required steps can be taken within time (Goucher 2010).

应为组织中的个人提供安全意识培训，鼓励他们通过意识到各种网络威胁来保护自己和家人，以维护自身和组织的利益。此外，将出现的任何安全问题告知组织，以便及时采取必要措施。

Cybercrime Response Strategy (CRS) is one of the important areas where investment should be prime focus in an organisation due to its great dependence on management and technology for communication, to maintain the firm’s ICT infrastructure for cyber-crime detection and prevention process (Kenya 2014)

网络犯罪应对战略是一个组织的主要投资领域之一，因为该组织非常依赖管理和通信技术，以维护公司用于网络犯罪检测和预防过程的ICT基础设施

Furthermore for cyber related crimes various legal actions need to be formulated for taking legal action against the cyber criminals. For example, Cybercrime bill in Thailand has been passed despite various criticism for the betterment of the country in terms of improved online monitoring (Thailand: ICT to revise Computer Crimes Act to handle cybercrime 2014).

此外，对于网络犯罪，需要制定各种法律行动来对网络犯罪分子采取法律行动。例如，尽管泰国在改善在线监控方面受到了各种批评，但《网络犯罪法案》还是获得了通过。

The other case being of Nigeria, as said by Martin (2015, pp. 207-220) various measures have been undertaken by them to establish the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in 2004 which adopted a cyber security bill in 2011 following various objectives such as: “provide an effective legal framework for the prohibition, prevention, detection, prosecution, and punishment of cybercrimes in Nigeria” and “enhance cybersecurity and the protection of computer systems and networks, electronic communications; data and computer programs in Nigeria”.

另一个案例是尼日利亚，正如Martin所说，他们已采取各种措施，于2004年成立了经济和金融犯罪委员会，该委员会于2011年通过了一项网络安全法案，目标如下：“为尼日利亚禁止、预防、侦查、起诉和惩罚网络犯罪提供有效的法律框架”“加强网络安全，保护尼日利亚的计算机系统和网络、电子通信、数据和计算机程序”。

CONCLUSION 结论

Cybercrime is and will continue to be one of the most important topics in the area of information security within the next years. Due to the ongoing digitalization of society, companies are continuously shifting more and more activities to the Internet, leading to increased number of attacks (Konradt, Schilling & Werners 2015).

在未来几年内，网络犯罪一直是并将继续是信息安全领域最重要的主题之一。由于社会的持续数字化，公司不断将越来越多的活动转移到互联网上，导致攻击数量增加。

When an individual is targeted by the cyber perpetrators, it leads to loss of personal identity details and in some cases even financial losses are incurred which needs to be reported but due to lack of action by the police they tend to avoid doing so.

当一个人成为网络犯罪者的目标时，会导致个人身份信息的丢失，在某些情况下，甚至会产生需要报告的经济损失，但由于警方缺乏行动，他们往往会避免这样做。

Whereas if we talk about organisations, it involves the issues faced by both an individual as well as the organisation. The issues faced are such as inside crime, malicious domain registrations & e-wastes generated, and all of them require proper awareness training, limited use of work related credentials outside the office and proper in house recycling is required.

然而，如果我们谈论组织，它涉及个人和组织面临的问题。面临的问题包括内部犯罪、恶意域名注册和产生的电子垃圾，所有这些都需要适当的意识培训，在办公室外有限地使用与工作相关的证书，并需要适当的内部回收。

Moreover the measures to combat such crimes should be taken such as implementation of Cybercrime Response Strategy (CRS) by organisations, and on the other hand government should also take some legal steps for the prevention of cybercrime so that the criminals don’t feel free to commit such crime. At the end we can just hope for a better and more secure digital environment.

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此外Literature Review给出结论，应采取措施打击此类犯罪，如组织实施网络犯罪应对战略，另一方面，政府也应采取一些法律措施预防网络犯罪，使犯罪分子不会随意实施此类犯罪。最后，我们只能希望有一个更好、更安全的数字环境。本站提供各国各专业Literature Review范文，以及Literature Review写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。