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Report格式-管理和商业基本技能。管理技能是员工、经理和高管必须具备的重要属性。如果没有几个基本的基本技能，企业就永远无法实现其目标。熟练的员工代表着任何成功企业的资本，并且是并且将永远是其成功的重要原因。
本报告讨论了公司获得的一些基本管理和业务技能。首先，本报告充分强调了领导力的重要性和重要作用，因为我们相信，除了您拥有的任何其他业务技能外，拥有领导力属性至关重要，因为这将使您的同事、经理、员工甚至客户受益。一般来说，人们会受到领导者的影响，有时会无条件地追随他们的想法。领导者是营销人员的主要目标，因为他们知道，由于上述原因，领导者比任何其他普通人都更有可能增加他们的市场细分。下面就一起来看一下这篇留学生Report写作格式的全部内容。 
Introduction 引言
Managerial skills are important attributes for employees, managers and executives to possess. Without several basic fundamental skills, a business will never achieve its objective. Skilful staff represents the capital of any successful business and are, and will always be an important reason for its success.
This report discusses some of the essential managerial and business skills acquired by companies. Firstly, leadership’s importance and significant role is well highlighted in this report, for the belief that, in addition to any other business skills that you possess, possessing leadership attributes is crucial, because it will benefit your associates, managers, staff and even customers. People in General are influenced by leaders and sometimes, unconditionally follow their thoughts. Leaders are the primary target for marketers for they know, for the reasons mentioned above those leaders are more likely capable of increasing their market segmentation more than any other average person.
Besides leadership, critical and creative thinking is an important attribute that every successful manager has to have. Critical thinkers’ main role starts when there are no solutions in the horizon for certain problems. Their creativity and the experience they gained assist in this process. Moreover, another vital skill a manager won’t survive without technology. Technology is the modern’s world tool of communication and not having enough knowledge about it will not end up with good results for the company.
除了领导力，批判性和创造性思维是每一位成功管理者必须具备的重要特质。批判性思想者的主要角色始于对某些问题没有解决方案的时候。他们的创造力和获得的经验有助于这一过程。此外，如果没有技术，管理者的另一项重要技能也无法生存。技术是现代世界的沟通工具，如果对它没有足够的了解，公司最终也不会有好的结果。
Based on my studying in Kent University and doing two degrees in Electronics and Communication Engineering and Financial accounting, there are important skills that I learned attending these courses which I also think will be of much significance for my career. New product development guarantees more success for the company because it relies on market analyses and innovative ideas to produce something new. In addition, financial management is a fundamental skill for any type of profession a person might chose. Any type of business has to be organized and sources of money received and spent have to be kept, otherwise the company will just be performing randomly.
基于我在肯特大学的学习以及电子和通信工程以及财务会计的两个学位，参加这些课程我学到了一些重要的技能，我认为这些技能对我的职业生涯也有很大的意义。新产品的开发保证了公司取得更大的成功，因为它依靠市场分析和创新理念来生产新产品。此外，财务管理是一个人可能选择的任何职业的基本技能。任何类型的业务都必须组织起来，收支资金来源都必须保持，否则公司的表现将是随机的。
Leadership as a concept 领导力是一个概念
“Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it.”
Dwight D. Eisenhower
“领导是一种艺术，让别人做你想做的事情，因为他想做。”
Leadership is influencing peoples’ behaviors’ so that they become willingly prepared to work more towards achieving mutual objectives .consequently, an inspirational organizational culture will be created (Kotelnikov, 2001).The ability to inspire people to attain greater heights and dimensions of performance and consistent success is a skill acquired by Leaders in the new century. Passion and effective communicating are important attributes to make the leader inspirational, which will reflect on the organization’s culture, making the employees more committed as we as turning the workplace into a thrilling environment (Heathfield, nd)
领导力正在影响人们的行为，使他们愿意为实现共同目标而付出更多努力。因此，将创造一种鼓舞人心的组织文化。激励人们达到更高的水平和更大的表现维度以及持续成功的能力是新世纪领导者所掌握的技能。激情和有效的沟通是使领导者鼓舞人心的重要因素，这将反映出组织的文化，使员工在将工作场所变成令人兴奋的环境时更加投入
Type of Leaders 领导者类型
Leaders are the engine of a work, the motivation for employment, and the face of a company, that’s why it is important t o choose the right leader into the right position.
领导者是工作的引擎、就业的动力和公司的形象，这就是为什么选择合适的领导者到合适的位置很重要。
3.1 Executive leaders (CEOs) shoulder the responsibility of clarifying the vision, mission and direction of the firm (Couler, 2010). CEOs participate in formal event; they also make speeches, but in fact have little impact on the daily business operation (Radcliffe, 2010).
执行领导肩负着明确公司愿景、使命和方向的责任。首席执行官参加正式活动；他们也会发表演讲，但事实上对日常业务运营几乎没有影响。
3.2 Line leaders are the connections between low and top levels; especially in organizations with high hierarchy They have the power of presenting the executive leader’s message to his/her staff. They are very influential in organizations, not only they can stop or alter any project, but also they can take a leadership position and promote change (Fletcher, 2010).
直线领导是低层和高层之间的联系；尤其是在层级较高的组织中，他们有能力向其员工传达执行领导的信息。他们在组织中非常有影响力，不仅可以阻止或改变任何项目，还可以担任领导职务并推动变革。
3.3 Network-leaders They are the invisible strength behind how the real firm operations. Whether they were Union Representatives or technical experts, These Leaders create a network of relationships that allow them to know much about the organization, and thus gain real knowledge about the organization’s operations (Radcliffe, 2010).
网络领导者他们是真正的公司运营背后的隐形力量。无论他们是工会代表还是技术专家，这些领导人都建立了一个关系网络，让他们对组织有更多了解，从而获得关于组织运作的真正知识。
Creative and Inspirational Leadership 创造性和启发性领导力
In a survey that involved more than thousand and a half employees which asked those employees what attribute would they like to see most in their managers . More than half of the survey takers answered “inspiration” (DTI, nd). An inspired workforce is fundamental for any ambitious business that hopes to be ahead of its competitors. Inspiring people motivates them, makes them more objective oriented and enhance their creativity (Northouse, 2010).
在一项涉及千余名员工的调查中，该调查询问这些员工最希望在他们的经理身上看到什么特质。超过一半的受访者回答“灵感”。对于任何希望领先于竞争对手的雄心勃勃的企业来说，一支充满活力的员工队伍都是至关重要的。激励人们激励他们，使他们更加客观，增强他们的创造力。
Our environment is shifting quickly and unpredictably. Creative employees are those who are capable of foreseeing future opportunities and are also able to change the workplace in which they work to a positive atmosphere (Northouse, 2010). Creative leaders are mostly needed in vital moments, where the organization can’t find convenient solutions. They seek and find opportunities, bring in positive change and make huge efforts towards creating new products/services through new processes and innovative techniques (Kotelnikov, 2001). In addition creative thinkers have the capability to transform ambiguous problems to business opportunities. Besides their ability to analyse the environment, they also take part in building relationships, alliances and encouraging creativity (Fletcher, 2010).
我们的环境正在快速而不可预测地变化。创造性员工是指能够预见未来机会并能够将工作场所转变为积极氛围的员工。在组织无法找到方便解决方案的关键时刻，最需要有创造力的领导者。他们寻求并寻找机会，带来积极的变化，并通过新工艺和创新技术为创造新产品/服务做出巨大努力。此外，创造性思维者有能力将模棱两可的问题转化为商机。除了分析环境的能力，他们还参与建立关系、联盟和鼓励创造力。
According to Jack Welch, the previous legendary CEO of General electric, a good leader is one who is capable of making people feel that they are real a contribution to the organization. Welch adds that working toward a shared and worthwhile goal can produce huge positive energy. In his Beginnings, Jack Welch’s goal was to make General Electric the world’s most competitive multinational enterprise. He, therefore realised that only can revolutionary thoughts turn his dream to actual reality (Kotelnikov, 2001).
据通用电气公司前传奇CEO杰克·韦尔奇所说，一个好的领导者是能够让人们感觉到他们对公司的真正贡献的人。韦尔奇补充道，朝着共同的、有价值的目标努力可以产生巨大的正能量。杰克·韦尔奇在《开端》中的目标是让通用电气成为世界上最具竞争力的跨国企业。因此，他意识到只有革命思想才能将他的梦想变为现实。
The American corporate business model in the United States had not changed since 1980.Employees did their job, managers managed , and everybody knew his/her place. Those days were ruled by rules and forms and bureaucracy (Fletcher, 2010).. Welch’s revolution meant changing the old ways of doing Business in the company and restructuring the company entirely. As a result of his inspirational influence and charismatic attributes, Today, General Electric stands as one of the world’s most admired and unique companies (Kotelnikov, 2001).
自1980年以来，美国企业在美国的商业模式一直没有改变。员工尽职尽责，管理者尽职尽责，每个人都知道自己的位置。那些日子被规则、形式和官僚主义所统治。韦尔奇的革命意味着改变公司经营业务的旧方式，彻底重组公司。由于其鼓舞人心的影响力和超凡魅力，如今，通用电气成为世界上最受尊敬和最独特的公司之一。
Welch’s successful techniques are applicable to small, growing and large companies. Those techniques mainly focus once again on articulating the company’s vision, since creative managers inspire their employees with obvious visualizations of how things can be achieved better. Welch also recommends that the manager has to be simple. Simplifying things is a key factor of business (Kotelnikov, 2001).
韦尔奇的成功技术适用于小型、成长型和大型公司。这些技巧主要再次聚焦于阐明公司的愿景，因为创造性的管理者通过对如何更好地实现目标的明显可视化来激励员工。韦尔奇还建议经理必须简单。简化事情是商业的关键因素。
“Simple messages travel faster, simpler designs reach the market faster and the elimination of clutter allows faster decision making.”, according to John Welch Clarifying and sampling things makes it easier for employees to know their position better, as a result they become more energized and focused on achieving objectives. Furthermore, Welch advices managers to always face reality, and act according to the actual situation. Ignoring reality means shifting away from long term objectives. Also, a company should seek any opportunity of change. Change is a big part of the reality in business, and readiness to change is a strength, even if it involves temporary confusion within the company, however in certain circumstances, it is a necessity. In addition Creative, Inspirational leaders are known as Risk Takers, they have a clear affinity to break the rule and take considerable risks, towards producing this change (DTI, nd).
约翰·韦尔奇表示，“简单的信息传播速度更快，更简单的设计更快地进入市场，消除杂乱可以更快地做出决策。”通过澄清和抽样，员工更容易了解自己的位置，从而更加精力充沛，更加专注于实现目标。此外，韦尔奇建议管理者始终面对现实，并根据实际情况采取行动。忽视现实意味着偏离长期目标。此外，公司应寻求任何变革的机会。变革是商业现实的一大组成部分，做好变革的准备是一种力量，即使它涉及公司内部的暂时混乱，但在某些情况下，它是必要的。此外，富有创造力、鼓舞人心的领导者被称为“风险承担者”，他们显然有打破规则并承担相当大的风险的倾向，从而产生这种变化。
Critical Thinking 批判性思维
Critical thinking is the procedure by which an individual comes arises with a new innovative idea (Powell, 2010). The process involves actively and proficiently gathering, analysing and evaluating information, based on an individual’s observations, knowledge and past experiences. To be able to think creatively you have to be clear, precise, consistent and fair (The Critical Thinking Community, 2009)
批判性思维是个人产生新的创新想法的过程。该过程包括根据个人的观察、知识和过去的经验，积极、熟练地收集、分析和评估信息。为了能够创造性地思考，你必须清晰、准确、一致和公平
Critical thinking could involve integration of ideas which have not been combined before. Brainstorming is one significant form of creative thinking: it works by the unification of two or more people’s ideas in order to create a new innovative one (Powell, 2010). Besides the cooperative efforts taken to produce a new idea, however this process could sometimes be accidental (Brainstorming, 2006). This occurs when a certain circumstance arises and leads someone to start thinking about situations in a different manner, and sometimes leads to a valuable change(Powell, 2010). Nevertheless, new ideas are usually produced through pure use of mutual intelligence and logical sense to come up with something new, this is what could be referred to as a deliberate critical thinking situation. When a group of people share their knowledge and experiences, particularly if those people come from different cultures, new ideas start to appear in the horizon, because people from different cultural backgrounds have experienced different situations and obstacles, hence, grouping the efforts in this manner will most likely produce this change (Brainstorming, 2006).Nevertheless, with continuous practice, (ongoing investigation, questioning and analysis) will develops an individual’s general knowledge and understanding, resulting in a better perspective and forth seeing in sticky situations (Brainstorming, 2006).
批判性思维可能涉及整合以前从未结合过的想法。头脑风暴是创造性思维的一种重要形式：它通过统一两个人或更多人的想法来创造新的创新想法。除了为产生新想法而进行的合作努力之外，这个过程有时可能是偶然的。当某种情况出现时，这种情况会发生，并导致某人开始以不同的方式思考情况，有时会导致有价值的改变。尽管如此，新的想法通常是通过纯粹的相互智能和逻辑推理产生的，以提出新的东西，这就是所谓的故意批判性思维情况。当一群人分享他们的知识和经验时，特别是如果这些人来自不同的文化，新的想法就会开始出现，因为来自不同文化背景的人经历了不同的情况和障碍，因此，以这种方式将努力分组最有可能产生这种变化。然而，通过不断的实践，（持续的调查、提问和分析）将培养个人的一般知识和理解能力，从而在棘手的情况下获得更好的视角和前瞻性。
Critical thinking is the process in which of reasoned and disciplined thinking to a certain subject are implemented. In order to succeed in your studies future career you must be able to think ‘critically’ about the things you have read, seen or heard. And in order to develop your critical thinking, there are certain levels (The Open University, 2009).
批判性思维是对某一主题进行理性和有纪律的思考的过程。为了在未来的职业生涯中取得成功，你必须能够“批判性地”思考你所读到、看到或听到的东西。为了培养你的批判性思维，有一定的层次。
Procession – receiving information (i.e. in what you have read, heard, seen or done).
处理——接收信息（即你所读、听到、看到或做的内容）。
Understanding – Comprehend the key aspects, assumptions and evidence presented.
理解–理解提出的关键方面、假设和证据。
Analyses – Examining how those key aspects fit together and are related to each other.
分析–检查这些关键方面是如何结合在一起并相互关联的。
Comparison – realizing the similarities and dissimilarities between the ideas you are developing.
比较–了解您正在开发的想法之间的相似性和不同性。
To Synthesise – Bring together several sources of information to create an argument or an idea you are building. Also, it includes your ability to make logical associations between the various sources that help you outline and support your ideas.
综合——将多个信息来源汇集在一起，创建一个论点或一个你正在构建的想法。此外，它还包括你在各种来源之间建立逻辑联系的能力，这些来源有助于你概括和支持你的想法。
Evaluation – Assessing the value of an idea in terms of how is it relevant its to your needs, the facts on which it is based and how it relates to other applicable ideas.
评估——评估一个想法的价值，包括它与您的需求的相关性、它所基于的事实以及它与其他适用想法的相关性。
Application – Transforming the understanding you have gained from the evaluation level in order to use it in response to questions, assignments or projects.
应用——转变您从评估级别获得的理解，以便在回答问题、任务或项目时使用它。
Justification – Using critical thinking to develop your own arguments, draw conclusions and identify implications (The Open University, 2009).
论证——使用批判性思维来发展自己的论点，得出结论并确定影响。
6. Technology Skills 技术技能
Knowing only how to use basic technology skills such as internet browsing or e-mailing is not enough anymore. Possessing solid technological skills, on the other hand, will put you a step above your colleagues (Pavlina, 2006)
只知道如何使用基本的技术技能，如网络浏览或电子邮件，是不够的。另一方面，拥有扎实的技术技能会让你比同事更上一层楼
In general, companies are extremely reliant on IT that they can’t lay off the people who keep their data centre operations running, and neither they are willing let go of their developers, who will be familiar with the forthcoming technology. In general those are the most essential IT skills an employee, who is chasing a good career shall has:
总的来说，公司非常依赖IT，他们无法解雇保持数据中心运营的人员，也不愿意放弃熟悉即将到来的技术的开发人员。一般来说，这些是一名追求良好职业生涯的员工最基本的IT技能：
1. Database 数据库
Database expertise is an important skill that employers would love to see in their employees. Companies are looking for IT workers with experience, particularly in Microsoft SQL Server and the Oracle Developer Suite. According to a survey in 2008 which was conducted bye the Society for Information Management and was intended to know which skills do CIO’s prefer for their job candidates. Expertise in databases was one of only four technological skills listed by CIOs, who besides, database also listed other attributes such as teamwork, problem solving and communication in hiring recent college graduates (Marcan, 2009).
数据库专业知识是雇主希望员工具备的一项重要技能。公司正在寻找具有经验的IT员工，尤其是在Microsoft SQL Server和Oracle Developer Suite方面。根据2008年信息管理协会进行的一项调查，该调查旨在了解首席信息官更喜欢哪些技能适合他们的求职者。首席信息官列出的仅有四项技术技能之一是数据库方面的专业知识，除此之外，数据库还列出了招聘应届大学毕业生时的其他属性，如团队合作、解决问题和沟通。
2. Messaging/Communications 信息/通信
Messaging and communications is one of few skills that experienced a pay raise in the fourth quarter of 2008. Firms are for the most part interested in hiring staff with experience in unified communications and messaging systems. Efficient communication saves time, expenses and energy. Also it promotes a cooperative environment where people can communicate easily (Turner, 2005).
在2008年第四季度，信息和通信是为数不多的几项技能中的一项。公司对招聘具有统一通信和信息系统经验的员工最感兴趣。高效的沟通可以节省时间、费用和精力。此外，它还促进了一种合作环境，人们可以轻松地进行交流。
3. Project management 项目管理
SIM’s 2008 CIO survey listed project management as one of the top 10 skills needed for mid-level employees. Companies require project planning leaders. Someone who has the ability to plan, schedule, and gets the results done.”Project management skills are going to be more important over the next few years,” according to Henry Eckstein, senior vice president of strategic technology at York Insurance Services Group (Marcan, 2009).
SIM公司2008年的首席信息官调查将项目管理列为中层员工所需的十大技能之一。公司需要项目规划领导。有能力计划、安排和完成结果的人。约克保险服务集团战略技术高级副总裁亨利·埃克斯坦表示，“未来几年，项目管理技能将变得更加重要”。
4. Networking 网络
Every company plans to increase its profits. And that could be done more conveniently whenever the company has more customers, partners and friends. Furthermore, the individual’s own circle of people contributes to the overall company’s network. Therefore, an employee with networking capabilities is another attribute job employers seek while recruiting (Turner, 2005).
每家公司都计划增加利润。只要公司有更多的客户、合作伙伴和朋友，这项工作就可以更方便地完成。此外，个人的人际网络对整个公司的网络有贡献。因此，具有社交能力的员工是雇主在招聘时寻求的另一个属性。
5. Security 安全
It’s true that there are many benefits for technology, but also it has some other disadvantages that can sometimes cause real obstacles in the firm’s track towards development. Hacking, Spamming and data system crashes can sometimes be very costly. Hence, the security of your data is worth money (Turner, 2005).
的确，技术有很多好处，但也有一些其他缺点，有时会在公司的发展道路上造成真正的障碍。黑客攻击、垃圾邮件和数据系统崩溃有时代价高昂。因此，数据的安全性是值得的。
Financial Management 财务管理
Through the past few years, and exactly starting from the electronics department at Kent University, the idea of business was gradually crossing my mind, since business field is very important now days, and because I always wanted to study this subject and improve my knowledge about it, the idea came to specialize in this major and learn about the management techniques and strategies to be able to combine my engineering degree in electronics and communications with the business skills I earned through this year, which contains valuable information on how to manage my life style, how to deal with others and be successful in the practical life, and last but not least to connect everything to business. I really believe that business management is a priority subject to be taught, and in my case I can combine my business MSc degree with my previous degree, and look for more opportunities like the consulting field for example, rather than looking into one direction only.
在过去的几年里，正是从肯特大学的电子系开始，商业的想法逐渐在我脑海中浮现，因为现在商业领域非常重要，而且因为我一直想研究这门学科并提高我对它的了解，我的想法是专攻这个专业，学习管理技术和策略，以便将我的电子和通信工程学位与我今年获得的商业技能相结合，其中包含了关于如何管理我的生活方式、如何与他人打交道以及如何在实际生活中取得成功的宝贵信息，最后但并非最不重要的是，将一切与业务联系起来。我真的相信，商业管理是一门需要优先学习的课程，在我的情况下，我可以将我的商业硕士学位与我以前的学位相结合，寻找更多的机会，比如咨询领域，而不是只关注一个方向。
It has been concluded that management accounting is a crucial when it comes to a company making vital and well-timed management decisions about their business (Abraham, 2008). However, it is obvious that different types of businesses will acquire different management accounting requirements. Financial management is important when considering the following areas:
已经得出的结论是，当一家公司对其业务做出重要且适时的管理决策时，管理会计至关重要。然而，很明显，不同类型的企业将获得不同的管理会计要求。在考虑以下方面时，财务管理很重要：
– The sales process: which includes distribution, debtors and pricing.
销售流程：包括分配、债务人和定价。
– The purchasing process: includes records of stock levels and creditors.
采购过程：包括库存水平和债权人的记录。
– Records regarding employees.
员工记录。
– A fixed asset registers (Collier, 2009).
固定资产登记册。
Financial management is a very important major as I mentioned before, but personally I prefer to be specialised in the accounting finance sector and risks, because I think the accounting field is a sensitive one, also managing risks as well, because it helps ordinary people to understand the market, especially stock exchange market, by using the income and financial statements anyone with a bit knowledge about accounting and finance will be able to figure out the real prices per shares, dividends, return risks and more readings, which will lead us to think more realistic about facts and how to deal with them. Financing risks also very important, it prevents from falling into business traps and circumstances related to it, as well as crisis which can happen anytime and cause big manufactures to collapse, so being aware from risks is a benefit itself; James porter once said “avoiding risks is more valuable than the income earned by that risk”.
正如我之前提到的，财务管理是一个非常重要的专业，但就我个人而言，我更喜欢专攻会计金融部门和风险，因为我认为会计领域是一个敏感的领域，也管理风险，因为它帮助普通人了解市场，特别是股票交易市场，通过使用收入和财务报表，任何对会计和财务稍有了解的人都能够计算出每股的实际价格、股息、回报风险和更多的读数，这将使我们对事实和如何处理事实进行更现实的思考。融资风险也非常重要，它可以防止陷入商业陷阱和与之相关的环境，以及随时可能发生并导致大型制造业崩溃的危机，因此意识到风险本身就是一种好处；詹姆斯·波特曾说过“避免风险比风险带来的收入更有价值”。
There is no legal obligation for companies to draw up management accounts; however, many companies find that it makes running the business much simpler if they do prepare the accounts. In fact, many companies produce account reports monthly, quarterly and yearly to keep track of the financial transaction (Abraham, 2008).
公司没有法律义务编制管理账目；然而，许多公司发现，如果他们确实准备了账目，那么经营业务就会变得更加简单。事实上，许多公司每月、每季度和每年都会编制账目报告，以跟踪财务交易。
Management accounts are useful for analysing the previous and present performances, in order to visualise future trends. This includes looking at profit forecasts, income and cash flow statements in addition to sales (Abraham, 2008). The actual numbers collected from the analysis shall be continuously compared against numbers that have been previously predicted while designing the budget. The information collected for the management accounting is usually broken down so that the performance of different departments of the company can all be measured individually to make sure that all these departments’ capabilities are exploited (Collier, 2009).
管理账目有助于分析过去和现在的业绩，以可视化未来趋势。这包括查看利润预测、收入和现金流量表以及销售额（Abraham，2008）。在设计预算时，应从分析中收集的实际数字应与先前预测的数字进行持续比较。为管理会计收集的信息通常被分解，以便可以单独衡量公司不同部门的绩效，以确保充分利用所有这些部门的能力。
A convenient plan to start with is to design a fitting budget, which represents a roadmap for managers to constantly know where their businesses are actually standing. In order to design the budget the financial team has to design income and expenses tables, which will assist financial managers to notice where does the money come from and where does it go, so they can afterwards focus on those products that are generating products for the company, at the same time, getting rid of extra expenses (BBB, 2009).
一个方便的开始计划是设计一个合适的预算，它代表了一个路线图，让管理者不断了解他们的业务实际状况。为了设计预算，财务团队必须设计收入和支出表，这将有助于财务经理注意到资金来自何处，流向何处，因此他们可以在之后专注于为公司生产产品的产品，同时避免额外支出。
For businesses who are engaged in selling a selection of products, they are advised to produce a financial breakdown for each of them. This will allow you to make sure that very gainful products are not subsidising those that are failing to sell as well. By organising the financial side of the company in this manner, managers will have the ability to supervise trends in the business, consequently indicating any variations in income and spending that may require alternation (Collier, 2009).
对于从事销售精选产品的企业，建议他们为每一种产品提供财务明细。这将使您能够确保非常有收益的产品不会补贴那些无法销售的产品。通过以这种方式组织公司的财务方面，管理人员将有能力监督业务趋势，从而指出可能需要改变的收入和支出的任何变化。
ANT is a global packaging supplier that provides equipment to the food industry. The company developed a computer-numerically-controlled (CNC) machine for packaging. And even though it was two to three times more expensive than its competitors, but it operates twice as fast. Worthy to be note than 10% of ANT’s annual sales are invested in research and development (Abraham, 2008)..
ANT是一家为食品行业提供设备的全球包装供应商。该公司开发了一种用于包装的计算机数控（CNC）机器。尽管它比竞争对手贵两到三倍，但它的运行速度是竞争对手的两倍。值得注意的是，ANT年销售额的10%以上用于研发。
The company has branches in US, Europe, Australia in addition to the Middle East. Normally, the manufacturing of the CNC project is outsourced to less expensive labour countries to reduce the capital investments (Abraham, 2008).
除中东地区外，该公司还在美国、欧洲、澳大利亚设有分支机构。通常，CNC项目的制造外包给成本较低的劳动力国家，以减少资本投资。
8. New Product Development 推出新产品
Another skill I was able to develop during my studying in the University of Kent is the importance of new product development.
我在肯特大学学习期间学到的另一项技能是新产品开发的重要性。
Product development is the integrative process which includes the strategic organization, concept generation, product and marketing plan creation and estimation, and afterwards the commercialization of the new product (Ulrich, 2009).New product development is the energy that pumps the organizations innovation engine, and it is impossible for a firm to grow without developing new products (Ulrich, 2009).
产品开发是一个综合过程，包括战略组织、概念生成、产品和营销计划的创建和评估，以及随后新产品的商业化。新产品开发是组织创新引擎的动力，如果不开发新产品，公司就不可能成长。
8.1 LAUNCHING A NEW PRODUCT 推出新产品
Once the product-line structure has been initiated and a new product is being developed, it is time for the company to consider how the product could be successfully launched to its target market (Reference for Business, 2010). This is the phase where an advertising or public relations agency can participate, especially for small businesses that lack the internal resources needed to handle such a job by them. However, when utilising an outside agency to launch a product, a company should firstly, have a well-defined product concept, also provide the agency with background information about its products and aims. Thirdly the firm has to have an official business plan. Lastly marketing and advertising plans should also be determined (Reference for Business, 2010).
一旦产品线结构已经启动，并且正在开发新产品，公司就应该考虑如何将产品成功推向其目标市场。这是广告或公共关系机构可以参与的阶段，尤其是对于缺乏处理此类工作所需的内部资源的小型企业。然而，当利用外部机构推出产品时，公司应首先拥有明确的产品概念，并向该机构提供有关其产品和目标的背景信息。第三，公司必须有正式的商业计划。最后，还应确定营销和广告计划。
With annual sales that exceed £4.5 billion, Kellogg’s is the world’s leader of cereal products and convenience foods products, such as cookies, crackers and frozen waffles (The Times 100, 2010). Kellogg’s is a multinational organisation. Its products are manufactured in 19 countries globally and sold in more than 180 countries. Kellogg’s realize the importance of maintain positions in manufacturing products they are good at. However, the worldwide company’s executives suggest that in such an uncertain world there is a continuous need for chance and production of new products. New product Development depends on the marketing mixture, so that the company analyses the products characteristics (The Times 100, 2010).
凯洛格的年销售额超过45亿英镑，是全球谷物产品和方便食品产品的领导者，如饼干、饼干和冷冻华夫饼。凯洛格是一家跨国公司。其产品在全球19个国家制造，在180多个国家销售。凯洛格公司意识到在他们擅长的制造业中保持地位的重要性。然而，这家全球公司的高管表示，在这样一个充满不确定性的世界中，不断需要机会和新产品的生产。新产品开发取决于营销组合，因此公司分析产品特征。
1, Product: This element is related to how the company offers meets the continuous shifting needs and wants of consumers. In this particular industry, the growth in healthier lifestyles creates opportunities for Kellogg’s to increase the number of products for this segment.
产品：这一要素与公司提供的产品如何满足消费者不断变化的需求和需求有关。在这一特定行业，健康生活方式的增长为凯洛格公司增加这一细分市场的产品数量创造了机会。
2. Price: The sum a company charges for its product is imperative in influencing the sales number, and giving the firm an idea about it. Big Brands like Kellogg’s can charge a premium because of the quality of its product and the fame of its brand.
价格：一家公司对其产品收取的金额对于影响销售数量和让公司了解销售情况至关重要。像凯洛格这样的大品牌可以收取溢价，因为其产品的质量和品牌的声誉。
3. Place: Where customers can find the product is also an essential factor in determining sales. Your products have to be available where customers are most likely willing to buy them. This depends on the market analyses (Ulrich, 2009).
地点：客户可以在哪里找到产品也是决定销售的重要因素。您的产品必须在客户最愿意购买的地方提供。这取决于市场分析。
4. Promotion: Kellogg’s uses above the line promotion like TV advertising as well as below the line promotion like on-pack promotions and sampling.
促销：凯洛格公司使用电视广告等线上促销，以及包装促销和抽样等线下促销。
Managers can take a decision on when to make key changes to core products by analysing its position within the product life-cycle. Life-cycle analysis accepts that products have a limited life, and analysts makes charts for product’s performance through several phases, starting with its launch stage through various phases of growth until it finally reaches development maturity and ultimately decline. An average product’s life cycle may last for few months, for instance food products. Nevertheless for super products it could last for years like the car industry (The Times 100, 2010).
管理者可以通过分析核心产品在产品生命周期中的位置来决定何时对其进行关键更改。生命周期分析承认产品的寿命是有限的，分析师通过几个阶段绘制产品性能图表，从产品发布阶段开始，经过各个阶段的增长，直到产品最终达到开发成熟度并最终下降。一种产品的平均生命周期可能持续几个月，例如食品。然而，对于超级产品来说，它可能会像汽车行业一样持续数年。
9. Conclusion:结论
This report is a reflection of the managerial skills obtained from studying at the University of Kent in both the Engineering and the Business departments. Doing both degrees supplied me with a flow of very essential skills which i think about as a future investment.
本报告反映了在肯特大学工程系和商业系学习所获得的管理技能。攻读这两个学位为我提供了一系列非常重要的技能，我认为这是未来的投资。
Firstly, this report discussed the role of leadership and critical thinking in taking the company’s success to another dimension. Those two attributes are crucially important. Leadership implies seeing and being able to analyze circumstances before it arises so that you are always ready to face them. Critical thinking is the mechanism that you use to produce innovative solutions in complex situations. These two attributes require expertise and cannot be acquired easily.
首先，本报告讨论了领导力和批判性思维在将公司成功提升到另一个维度上的作用。这两个属性至关重要。领导力意味着在环境出现之前就看到并能够分析环境，以便你随时准备好面对它们。批判性思维是在复杂情况下产生创新解决方案的机制。这两个属性需要专业知识，不容易获得。
Furthermore, this report discussed the importance of Technology in our modern world. There is no doubt about the fact that technology has already and will have a more significant role within which people will communicate with each other. Technology facilitates the way we live and communicate. Technology, when used efficiently will be a huge assistance for the company.
此外，本报告还讨论了技术在现代世界中的重要性。毫无疑问，技术已经并将在人们相互交流中发挥更重要的作用。技术促进了我们的生活和交流方式。如果技术得到有效利用，将为公司带来巨大的帮助。
The benefit of technology doesn’t only stop at facilitating communication within the organization, but also it has a significant role for new product development. To produce a new product you need to be innovative and you also need the required technology to be available so the process of new product development is formed. And even if sometimes the new product is more expensive, but if it has good quality it can still be sold.
技术的好处不仅在于促进组织内部的沟通，而且对于新产品开发也具有重要作用。为了生产一种新产品，你需要创新，也需要所需的技术，从而形成新产品开发过程。即使有时新产品更贵，但如果质量好，仍然可以销售。
Finally, Financial Management and budgeting skills are required by both small firms and giant Multi National Enterprises. Cash flow is the actual capital of the organization. It is important to realize how this capital is built accurately, that’s why you have to keep track of all the money you spend in addition to the money you received. Appropriate Financial Management keeps the company away or at least lessen the risks it may face in the future. Looking at previous year’s trends can sometimes, but not always be useful. Circumstances change regularly, thus a successful manager is one who analyzes the whole environment strategically before taking and business decision.
最后，小型企业和大型跨国企业都需要财务管理和预算编制技能。现金流是组织的实际资本。重要的是要认识到资本是如何准确建立的，这就是为什么除了你收到的钱之外，你还必须记录你花的所有钱。适当的财务管理使公司远离或至少减少其未来可能面临的风险。查看去年的趋势有时会有用，但并不总是有用。环境经常变化，因此，成功的管理者是在做出商业决策之前对整个环境进行战略性分析的人。
Successfully and efficiently managing is an integrative process. It is true that nobody can be excellent in every skill, being good in some of them, however, and always working on developing the other skills you are not very familiar with will improve your attributes as an individual, an employee or a manager. As a result, possessing business skills and developing them will end you up with a better career and a better life.
成功和有效的管理是一个综合过程。的确，没有人能够在每一项技能上都很出色，但是，在其中一些技能上表现出色，并且始终致力于开发你不太熟悉的其他技能，将提高你作为个人、员工或经理的属性。因此，拥有商业技能并加以发展将使你拥有更好的职业和更好的生活。本站提供各国各专业留学生Report写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。
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