指导美国作业:The Influence of the External Enviro

This essay mainly analyses and discusses the influence of the external environment on enterprising behaviour and activities. Entrepreneurship has become the driving force for the rapid economic development in the modern society and has attracted more and more people, but not all of the entrepreneurs are successful. Because the external environment is always changing and it has a great impact on enterpreneurial activities. In this essay, the author will critically discuss the role of the political environment, the economic environment, the scientific and technical environment and the talent environment in relation to entrepreneurship, and illustrate their influence on the firm establishment or growth. Taking the United States as an example, the essay will analyze how the political environment influences the enterprising behaviour in the history of America. Then in the case of the economic environment, the author will discuss the entrepreneurial activities in China using Timmons’s theory, which includes three basic elements: entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial resource, and entrepreneurs. After that, it comes to discuss the importance of the science and technical environment and the current applications of the new technologies in entrepreneurial activities. And finally, the article turns to the analysis of the talent environment and explains the significance of the high-quality entrepreneurial teams in the establishment and development of the new corporations.

如今，随着越来越多的人加入企业家行列，创业精神已成为世界经济快速发展的动力。创业活动能充分促进创新，从而使经济增长建立在多层次创新的基础上，有效促进社会转型，创造平等、积极的竞争精神。据说创业活动的社会意义与工业革命同样重要（德鲁克2009）。然而，另一方面，创业是一种复杂的社会现象。也就是说，创业活动涉及多个不同的跨学科领域，如心理学、社会学、管理学、经济学等。从最初发现机会到成功管理公司成长，它涉及各种复杂的技能和专业知识来处理创业过程中的外部环境，因为环境是企业生存的土壤，而且总是在变化。

Nowadays, as more and more people join in the ranks of the entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship has become thedriving forceof the rapid development of the economy all around the world. The entrepreneurial activities can fully promote the innovation (Davidsson & Wiklund 2001) which then enables the economic growth built on the basis of multilevel innovations, thus can effectively promote the social transformation, and create an equal and positive competitive spirit. It is said that the social meaning of the entrepreneurial activity is as significant as an industrial revolution (Drucker 2009). However, on the other hand, entrepreneurship is a complex social phenomenon. That is, the entrepreneurial activity is related to numerous different cross-disciplinary fields, such as psychology, sociology, management, and economicsand so on. From the initial identification of the opportunity to the successful management of the firm growth, it involves a variety of the complex skills and expertise to deal with the external environment in entrepreneurial process, since the environment is the soil for the survival of the enterprise and is always in change.

创业不可能只有在激情和梦想的支持下才能成功，也需要对不断变化的外部环境进行清晰的分析和评估。

Entrepreneurship cannot be successful only with the support of passion and dreams, it also need a clear analysis and assessment of the changing external environment. The environment research or assessment is one of the key issues for entrepreneurial activities. In general, the entrepreneurial environment (Rose 2000) includes the macro-environment and the industry environment. In detail, the former refers to the political environment, the economic environment, technical environment etc. while the later is mainly about the entry barriers and the like. The environmental analysis is a prerequisite to discover new entrepreneurial opportunity and is also the basis for the feasibility analysis of the entrepreneurship. Since the external environment for entrepreneurship is always changing, it can provide either an opportunity or a threat for entrepreneurs. Thereby, all of the entrepreneurs have to understand the impacts of the various environmental factors and their trends just in order to avoid the serious threat and win success in entrepreneurial activities.

The political environment affecting entrepreneurship includes the political system, political parties and party system, and national policy and political situation of the country. In addition, the laws and regulations established by the state are also of equal importance. The policies, regulations and the direct management of the enterprise by the government can influence the enterprise greatly and directly (Evans & Jovanovi 1989). When the policies or laws and regulations changes, there may be new industries, new markets and new business opportunities. If the entrepreneurs can discover and take full advantage of new opportunities, then they will be able to make a successful business more easily. However, if they do not have a full understanding of the dynamic and uncertain changes of the political environment, then it will retard the enterprising behaviourwithout doubt. Usually, the government establishes a series of policies or laws, such as tax preference, loan guarantees, venture capital, and the related intellectual property protection system, etc. All of these factors have optimized the externalenvironment in the macroscopic level and will have a certain degree of influence on the enterprising behavior.