美国某大学课程作业：如何写好一篇有关人种学方法课程的作业

Ethnography
人种学

In Brief
简讯

Ethnography is two things: (1) the fundamental research method of cultural anthropology, and (2) the written text produced to report ethnographic research results. 
人种学是两件事情：（1）基础理论研究，文化人类学的方法，和（2）的书面文本制作人种学的研究成果报告。

Ethnography as method seeks to answer central anthropological questions concerning the ways of life of living human beings.
 作为方法的人种学，旨在回答中央人类学问题的方式生活人类的生活。

When doing ethnographic research, we strive to be objective.  However, objectivity is often elusive because we all have our own backgrounds and identities that affect how the research is done and reported.  So keep the principles of cultural relativism in mind:  There are many truths.  There is no one standpoint from which to judge all cultures.  Look to yourself and any biases you may bring to your research.
 做人种学研究时，我们力求客观。然而，客观性往往是难以捉摸的，因为我们每个人都有自己的背景和身份的影响进行研究和报告。因此，保持原则文化相对论的心态：有许多真理。有没有人的角度来看，从中判断所有的文化。看自己任何偏见，你可以带你的研究。

To back up your conclusions, you need to supply fieldnotes, interviews and documents.
要备份你的结论，你需要提供现场记录，访谈和文件。

Generally, ethnographic research takes place in depth and over a great deal of time, often months or years for professional ethnographers.
一般来说，人种学研究发生在深度超过大量的时间，甚至数月或数年的专业人类学家。

Guiding question
指导问题

One of the first things we need early on in order to conduct a successful ethnographic project is an appropriate guiding question.  Having a guiding question before beginning fieldwork is a good idea because it gives you some way to focus your attention productively in early visits to your fieldsite.  This question might change in the course of the research as more is learned; this happens often and can be a step towards especially insightful research!

我们需要在初期，为了进行一个成功的人种学项目的第一件事情之一是适当的指导性问题。实地考察开始前有一个指导性的问题，是一个好主意，因为它给你一些方法高效地将注意力集中在早期访问您的fieldsite。这个问题可能更改，在研究的过程中，随着越来越多的了解，这经常发生，特别是有见地的研究可以是第一步！

Guiding questions are aimed at the basic point of ethnography: gaining the world view of a group of people.  Common formats for guiding questions might be:
– How do members of a particular group perceive of or understand a certain social or cultural phenomenon?  (This is often seen through behavior of some kind.)
• Example: How do the Unarians perceive of UFO’s?  
– How is a certain social or cultural practice socially constructed among members of a certain group?
• Example: How is communion socially constructed among churchgoers in contemporary Catholicism?
指导问题旨在的人种学基本点：获得一组人的世界观。
Modern ethnographies focus on a central guiding question that connects the local fieldsite to larger anthropological questions about how culture, or in our case religion, works.  Guiding questions should encode larger questions regarding culture or social practice within them. 

Thesis statement
论文语句
http://www.ukassignment.org/mgzydx/

As an academic paper, an ethnographic paper needs a thesis statement as its foundation.  This statement must be persuasively presented and argued in order for the paper to be successful.  In ethnographic papers, the thesis sentence is often the answer to the guiding question.  In other words, the thesis is the simply stated conclusion of your research.  Thesis statements are most commonly found in the first paragraph of the paper.
作为一篇学术论文，人种学的纸张需求为基础的论文语句。此语句必须令人信服地提出，为了供纸，并认为是成功的。在人种学论文，主题句往往是指导性问题的答案。换句话说，本文简单地标明你的研究结论。论文陈述是最常见的纸张在第一段。

• A thesis should do more than introduce the topic or announce what the paper will discuss.  The thesis should lure the audience in by briefly stating the claim that the paper will focus on, with the contradiction, new information, or surprise it contains taking center stage.
一篇论文应该做更多的介绍主题或宣布本文将讨论什么。论文应该吸引观众的说法，本文将集中的矛盾，新的信息，或惊喜，它包含中心舞台，简略说明。
• A thesis must not be either completely obvious or deal with common knowledge on a subject.  Good theses should grab reader interest by announcing something that has the possibility of changing people's minds.
一篇论文必须是完全不明显或处理常识主题。宣布的东西，有可能改变人们心目中好的论文应该抓住读者的兴趣。
• A thesis must announce as simply and clearly as possible what kinds of evidence will be necessary to prove it.  These elements constitute an outline of what strands of argument the paper will present in its defense.
一篇论文必须简单和清楚地宣布尽可能将需要什么样的证据来证明这一点。这些元素构成了缕缕的说法，本文将介绍在其国防大纲。
Once a claim has been asserted, it is necessary to put forth an argument which proves it to the reader.  Your thesis statement should contain a mini-outline of the paper; this outline consists of several sub-claims for which evidence must be provided.  How do you know what you claimed to know in the thesis sentence?

Excerpts from the data gathered should be interwoven in your body paragraphs as proof for your conclusions.  It is important to break this down for readers exactly how the evidence presented leads to the points asserted in the paper.

Fieldnotes
现场记录

Fieldnotes should be written as soon as possible after leaving the fieldsite, immediately if possible.  Even though we may not think so when we are participating and observing, we are all very likely to forget important details unless we write them down very quickly.  Since this may be very time-consuming, you should plan to leave a block of time for writing just after leaving the research context. Turn in your fieldnotes exactly as you originally wrote them.  Do not tidy them up, I want to see your methodology.  Good fieldnotes usually include:
现场记录，离开现场后应尽快书面，如果可能的话。尽管我们可能并不这么认为，当我们参与和观察，我们很容易忘记重要的细节，除非我们非常迅速地把它们写下来。由于这可能是非常耗时的，你应该打算离开的时间写作只是离开后的研究上下文块。打开在你的田野笔记，完全按照你最初写他们。不要整齐起来，我想看到你的方法。良好的田野笔记通常包括：

o Date, time, and place of observation
日期，时间和地点的观察
o Specific facts, numbers, details of what happens at the site
特定的事实，数字，细节在现场发生了什么
o Sensory impressions: sights, sounds, textures, smells, tastes
感官印象：旅游景点，声音，质地，气味，口味
o Personal responses to the fact of recording fieldnotes
个人回应的事实记录现场记录
o Specific words, phrases, summaries of conversations, and insider language
特定的单词，短语，对话的摘要，和内幕语言
o Questions about people or behaviors at the site for future investigation
在现场为将来的调查有关的人或行为的问题
o Page numbers to help keep observations in order
页面号码，以帮助保持观察
 
Ethics in Ethnographic Research
人种学研究中的伦理学

Since ethnographic research takes place among real human beings, there are a number of special ethical concerns to be aware of before beginning.  In a nutshell, researchers must make their research goals clear to the members of the community where they undertake their research and gain the informed consent of their consultants to the research beforehand.  It is also important to learn whether the group would prefer to be named in the written report of the research or given a pseudonym and to offer the results of the research if informants would like to read it. 

Most of all, researchers must be sure that the research does not harm or exploit those among whom the research is done.
最重要的是，研究人员必须确保该研究不损害或利用这些研究完成。

Documents
文件

There are a variety of kinds of documents which might be relevant for your ethnography. Generally, these documents can be divided into three categories.  Be absolutely clear in the final paper how the documents used fit into these categories!
有多种类型的文件，这可能是有关你的人种学。一般来说，这些文档可以分为三类。在最后的文件，这些类别的文件如何使用合适的绝对清晰！#p#分页标题#e#
Documents produced by the people you are studying.  These kinds of documents can help us learn how the group in question expresses itself to either insiders or outsiders.  What is written about and how?  Why would this document be produced?  Who will read or use it, and how?  What isn't included that could be?  What does it tell you, either directly or indirectly, about your guiding question?

Documents produced by people somehow like the people you are studying. These kinds of documents can help us learn about general issues which might affect our specific fieldsite.

Documents produced about the people in you are studying.  These kinds of documents can help you to place your group in a wider religious/spiritual/global context.  We can learn more about what kinds of constrictions are placed upon the people in our site, prejudices against them, privileges they are accorded, or their reputations among certain other groups of people.  Useful sources of demographic information or documentation of historical events might also be available.

Possible documents include: budgets, advertisements, work descriptions, annual reports, memos, correspondence, informational brochures, teaching materials, newsletters, websites, recruitment or orientation packets, contracts, records of court proceedings, posters, minutes of meetings, menus, and many other kinds of written items.
可能的文件包括：预算，广告，工作说明，年度报告，备忘录，信件，宣传小册子，教材，简报，网站，招聘或方向报文，合同，法院诉讼记录，海报，会议记录，菜单，和许多其他种类的书面项目。

The Interview(s)
访谈（S）

Ethnographers supplement what they learn through participant observation by interviewing people who can help them understand the setting or group they are researching.  Interviews provide a chance to learn how people reflect directly on behavior, circumstances, identity, events, and other things.  This can be very valuable in fulfilling the main goal of ethnography: gaining an insider's perspective.
人种学者补充他们通过面试的人谁可以帮助他们了解他们正在研究设置或组学习，通过参与观察。访谈提供了一个机会，以了解人们如何直接反映行为的情况下，身份，事件，和其他的东西。实现的主要目标是民族志：获得内行人的角度，这可能是非常有价值的。

An important part of the interview is establishing rapport with the informant. The best way to do this is by being a good listener.  It is crucial for ethnographers to listen far more than we talk in interviews.  Conveying genuine interest to the interviewee and doing what we can to make the other person socially comfortable are also high priorities.  We should also endeavor to choose settings where our informants can relax and talk openly.  Depending in the circumstances of the fieldsite or the informant's position within it, it may be important to conduct the interview in a private place.  Be sure that the informant knows that the interview is data for a research project and understands that their information may be shared in class.
采访中的一个重要组成部分，是建立融洽的报案。做到这一点的最好办法是做个好听众。
Plan open-ended questions which require paragraph answers.  If the informant goes off on a tangent in answering the question, listen for a while instead of immediately insisting on the prepared agenda.  This often leads to very useful information that we didn't know was needed!  If it seems like nothing useful is coming from the tangent, find a way to gracefully re-direct the conversation. 

If you would like to tape the interview, make sure to ask for consent!
如果你想磁带采访，请一定要询经过的同意！

Consider trying "respondent validation", or explaining your developing conclusions to your informants.  The informants might be in a position to share additional things which help to confirm or complicate what you have learned. 
考虑尝试“答辩验证”，您的举报人或解释你的结论。举报人可能是在一个位置，以分享更多的东西，这有助于确认或复杂，你所学到的。