Research proposal格式范文：esearch proposal of ethical issues by

Research proposal 作为留学生论文中的组成部分，对于一篇留学毕业论文来说是相当重要的，国外大学在针对毕业论文写作时，都会要求学生先提供一篇Research proposal 来简单讲述自己毕业论文的研究问题，背景，目的和方法等。在经过导师的沟通和认可后再进行具体的毕业论文写作。因此Research proposal 怎么写，成了留学生面临毕业的巨大绊脚石，下面提供一篇Research proposal 范文，主要内容是针对广告中的性别伦理问题这一选题，提出研究建议。是一篇符合留学生论文Research proposal 格式要求的范文，供参考。

Research proposal格式范文

Introduction/Context: 简介/背景：
这项令人担忧的研究提案通过关注斧头/猞猁香水，突出了新贸易环境下商业广告中的性行为所引发的伦理问题。错综复杂的社会对商业广告所引发的道德问题感到好奇，此时我们关注的是商业广告中的性所引发的问题。             
Axe或lynx是联合利华（Unilever）旗下的一个男士美容产品品牌，联合利华是一家英国/荷兰公司，于1980年在法国推出。Axe的广告代表了这些商品明显有助于男性吸引女性的各种方式。             
这项研究的主要目的是弄清商业性行为如何影响顾客及其对社会的影响。为了推销他们的产品，在广告上花了大量的钱。这家公司在广告中用不同的主题来吸引顾客。这些公司还在广告中使用性主题，这会引发许多道德问题。
The apprehensive research proposal spotlights on the ethical issues raised by the sex in commercials in the new trade atmosphere by concentrating on Axe/Lynx perfumes. The intricate society are curious about the a mixture of ethical problems elevated by the commercials, at this point we are giving attention to the issues raised by the sex in commercials.
Axe or lynx is a brand of men grooming products owned by Unilever which is a British/Dutch company launched in France in 1980. Axe advertisements represent various ways the merchandise evidently helped men attract women.
The proposed research mainly aims in figuring out how sex in commercial influences the customers and its impact on the society. Huge amount of money are being spent on advertisements in order to promote their products. The company uses different themes in advertisements in attracting the customers. The companies also use sex themes in their commercials in advertising which arises many ethical issues.
Aims and Objectives:目的和目标：
这项研究的关键是审视性销售的问题，但它应该吗？性广告引发的伦理问题及其对社会的影响。同时也要了解年轻人是如何对此做出反应的，并收集有关年轻男女是如何被广告中的性吸引力所操纵的信息。这项研究还旨在指出男性和女性在商业广告中对性的反应以及他们是如何定义的。
Essential of this research is to scan the question sex sells but should it? The ethical issues raised by sex commercials and its impact on the society. Also find out how youth act in response to this and gather information on how young men and women are manipulated by sexual appeals in adverts. The research also aims at pointing out the reaction of men and women in context of sex in commercials and how do they define it.
Literature review:文献综述：
在伦理学中，我们可以指出在广告中使用性是相当有限的。在这里，我们需要整理与广告中的性诉求相关的理论，并探讨广告中的性认知。              Lambaise和Riechert指出广告中存在五种不同类型的性信息；裸体；性行为，外表吸引力，性暗示和性嵌入。作者还透露，涉及性或活跃性思想的图像和文字可以被视为广告中性的例子。他们将广告中的性指称定义为信息元素，视觉或语言上的，用于产生或发展性思想的，性内容取自观众的思想，而不是在广告中。Lambiase和Reichert声称，男性和女性对广告吸引力的看法不同。当看到女性裸体的平面广告时，女性的反应比男性更紧张。当男人们看到照片时，他们的反应是能量的激发而不是紧张的激发。             
古尔德指出，性吸引力之间的一个重要区别是淫秽与猥亵。淫秽物品违法，涉及三个条件；它涉及淫秽的利益，它是明显的冒犯，它缺乏救赎的价值。作者还声称，大多数与性吸引力相同的广告都不是淫秽的，因为它们没有通过这些评估，尽管有些广告可能被贴上了不雅的标签，这与淫秽不同，并不违法。            
Boddewyn指出，与这一问题有关的主要常量和变量宗教和其他价值体系对于定义和认可广告中的性和正派是至关重要的。那些不信任他人而不受社会控制和/或希望将社会问题转化为法律的人提倡政府干预(博德温。在自律不成熟或缺失的情况下，地方文化受到外来信息的危害，政府监管发挥着重要作用。             
Smith等人指出，广告中的性内容或裸体增加了对特定广告的认知，但同时也减少了对品牌的记忆。作者还透露，先前的研究已经确定了支持裸体广告何时有效和何时无效的重要变量。尤其是在有可能引起负面性唤起的情况下，如用于不合适的产品时，应该避免裸露。此外，作者还宣称，裸体对酒精饮料和香水等产品的效果更好，性吸引力对某些产品的要求比其他产品更好
Among the ethics we can point out quite limited on use of sex in advertisement. Here we need to arrange theories relating to the sex appeals in commercials and explore the perception of sex in advertisements.
Lambaise and Riechert (2003) state that there five different types of sexual information in advertising; nudity; sexual behaviour, physical attractiveness, sexual referents and sexual embeds. The authors also disclose that images and words that refer to sex or active sexual thoughts can be considered as examples of sex in advertising. They defines sexual referents in advertising as message elements, visual or verbal that serve to bring forth or develop sexual thoughts, sexual content takes from viewer’s mind, not in the advertisement. Lambiase and Reichert (2003) claims that men and women perceive appeals in advertisement differently. Women reacted tenser than men did when being showed a print advertisement showing female nudity. When men viewed the print they reacted with energy arousal instead of tension arousal.
Gould (1994) points out that an important distinction among sexual appeals is obscenity versus indecency. Obscene material is illegal and involves three conditions; it involves prurient interest, it is patently offensive, and it lacks redeeming value. The writer in addition claims that most advertisements in common with sexual appeals are not obscene because they fail these assessments, although some adverts may be under the tag of indecency, which dissimilar to obscenity is not illegal.
Boddewyn (1991) states that the main constants and variables bearing on this issue religion and other value systems are crucial in defining and sanctioning sex and decency in advertising. Government intervention is advocated by those who mistrust others from social control and/or want to translate social issues in to laws. (Boddewyn. 1991).in case self regulation is immature or missing and the local culture suffers endangered by foreign messages the governmental regulation plays an important role.
Smith et. Al, (1995) states that sexual content or nudity in advertising increases recognition of the specific advertisement, but at the same time it decreases the memory of the brand. The author also discloses that the previous research has identified important variables that supports when nudity will be effective and when it will be ineffective in advertising. In particular shows nudity should be avoided in situation where it is likely to elicit negative arousal, such as when it is used for an inappropriate product. More over the author declares that nudity works better for products like alcoholic beverages and fragrances, the sexual appeals demand certain products better than other products.
 

Research proposal格式范文

Methodology:方法：
Here we need to practice a systematic approach in direction to the mixture of advertising fields in discovering the issues arising on the use of sex in advertising. As there are only limited data published on ethical issues of sex commercials primary data collection is necessary to fulfil the purpose if our thesis. The purpose of the research is being stated which is the first step for the research and it continues with the presentation of the research approach and its strategy. The next step is to present the mode of data collection and sampling of the information. The final stage deals with the explanation of the investigative strategy and evaluating the quality standards.
Data gathering:数据收集：
The necessary data required for the research is being collected from the primary sources of data. For this purpose it is decided to follow the questionnaire method and interviewing. Secondary data is one of the most convenient methods of data gathering to be used in the beginning of the research. (Eriksson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 2001). The data collection methods that are to be mainly used for this research are interviews, questionnaires, documentation and observations. Documentation will act as the major part of secondary data and the interviews questionnaires and observations will act as the main role players in primary data. The major source of our primary data collection will be questionnaires and interviews and questionnaires. Interviews have got enough strength to focus directly on to the topic of the study (yin, 2003). The main drawback of the interview is that it can be easily biased with non proper preparation of the questionnaires.
Focused interview is the type of interview used for this research because we can use an interview guide which enables discussion related to the conceptual frame work. It is being used to verify the theories of the study. It can be generally by telephone (Lundhal and Skarvad, 1992). It is less costly and less time consuming. It is helpful when the person to be interviewed is far away and personal interview can involve more complex questions. It also enables to have more feedback.
Data analysis:数据分析：
The collected data is the rough data it can be a mixture of biased and unbiased data. Therefore the collected data is to be sorted out and grouped to remove the biased data. It can be grouped according to the gender in order to get the exact figure about the present situation. Yin (2003) states that each case study should start with a general analytical strategy. A strategy will help to take care of the evidence, produce compelling analytic conclusions and also rule out possible alternative interpretations. According to Ramirez and Reichert (2000) there are five different characteristics that an advertisement may have to be defined as sexual. The common among these are physical attractiveness, flirting dancing moaning and groaning.
Data presentation:数据显示：
The data presentation should provide a clear picture about the circumstances therefore it must be presented in a well defined format that the readers easily understand. The primary data thus collected need to be arranged in a well defined manner, it has to be sorted and grouped. Presentation can be also in tables/graphs to provide easy information evidently. The secondary data helps in gathering and understanding the impact of sex commercials in the society in the past and the current situation
Discussion:讨论：
The primary objective of study is to discover the ethical issues related to the use of sex in commercial advertisements and to find out a solution for the issues. Many of the companies use sex in their advertisements to attract the public attention and grab more customers towards it. Not all the companies use sex in their advertisements although there are a few companies focusing on sex commercials to sell their products. The existence of sex appeals in advertising is prevailing in many parts of the world and it is often promoted in terms of erotic fantasies (Gould, 1994). Bareness or use of sex in advertisements can increase the attention; it may decrease the attention towards the brand name (Belch, Severn, 1990). Sex may attract initial attention for a longer period by quality of challenging models and their posing. They also evoke emotional responses.
There are also cultural and religious aspects affecting the use sexy advertisements. In some countries it s restricted as it is considered to be indecent. The uses of sex in advertisements whether direct or indirect are considered to be indecent and are being banned. While some other countries with western culture promotes it.
Taking in to consideration the global aspect nudity has got budding hurtful social cost. Advertisements are considered to be decent and acceptable by the society. Women are mainly concentrated for the nudity in advertisements. They are mainly targeted to attract consumers here women are being degraded as sexual objects and this arises many problems in most of the countries.
Nudity is only for attracting the customers; it may increase the sale of the product but it may end in social problem such as degradation of women as sexual objects. It harms the viewers thoughts and beliefs therefore I can suggest for the minimization of nudity in advertisements
Conclusion: 结论
In this framework for the proposed research I have decided to do future researches which can make several impacts in the society. Nudity is used in major advertisements especially in perfumes and fragrances. The study would throw light on to the society in creating awareness about the nudity in commercials and the degradation of women in these advertisements. Advertisements are meant to promote sales and not to harm the beliefs and concepts in the society
REFERENCES:参考文献
* Belch, G.E Severn, J. (1990). The effects of sexual and nonsexual advertising appeals and information level on coginitive processing and communication effectiveness. Journal of advertising, vol. 19 Issue 1. ISSN 0091-3367
* Boddewyn,J.J (1991). Controlling sex and decency in advertising around the world. Journal of advertising, vol.20 issue 4. ISSN 0091-3367
* Eriksson L.T. & Wiedersheim-Paul,.F. (2001).att utreda och rapporetta. Malmo : Liber. ISSN 91-40-30919-3
* Gould, S.J (1994). Sexuality and ethics in advertising: a research agenda and policy guideline perspective. Journal of advertising, vol. 23 Issue 3. ISSN 0091- 3367
* Lambiasse, J. & Reichert, T. (2003) sex in advertising. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-4117-2
* Lundhal,U. Skarvad, P.H. (1992) Utredningsmetodik for samhallsvetare och ekonomer. 2nded.). lund : studentlitreatur. ISBN 0-8039-5540-5.
* Ramirez, A. & Reichert,T. (2000). Defining sexually oriented appeals in advertising: A grounded theory investigation. Advances in consumer research, vol.27. ISSN 0098-9258.
* Yin, R.K. (2003). Casestudy research: design and methods. (3rd ed.). Thousand oaks, California :Sage Publications Inc. ISBN 0-7619-2553-8.

Research proposal格式一般都涵盖了以上范文中的内容，包括简介，背景，研究目的，文献综述等，如果涉及到数据分析，还需要再Research proposal 中说明关于数据方面的具体操作方法。最终要的还是要用总结部分，作者需要阐述做这些研究的意义是什么。本站除了提供留学生作业服务，还提供Research proposal等留学论文相关的写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。