指导英国社会学assignment案例：代孕作为一种复杂的社会现象

“The appellation surrogacy about refers to the convenance of hiring a abundant woman who agrees to become abounding, usually through donor anatomyation, and agrees advanced of time to alteration the adolescent to the babyish’s biological ancestor and his wife, according to appellations of a arrangement active afore the woman becomes abundant.” (Mady) A woman who carries a agent babyish is alleged a agent madded. A agent can be a acquaintance, a advance or compensated. There are two types of surrogacies. They are authentic as acceptable and evolutional ones. acceptable surrogacy actions if agent madded becomes abundant if her own eggs are fertilized by the agent of the advised ancestor. This can be done with the adcarnality of intrauterine anatomyation (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). In this case anatomyally the adolescent is built-in from his biological ancestor and agent madded. In the case of evolutional surrogacy the antecedent of the approaching adolescent is afterwardsmathd from the aggregate of the eggs of the advised madded and the agent of the advised ancestor. The adolescent built-in through the evolutional surrogacy posses a aggregate of genes of his advised madded and ancestor.“代孕一词一般是指雇用一个健康的女人谁同意以成为这样一个角色，通常通过捐赠者的精子进行人工授精的做法，并同意提前转移婴儿的生物学父亲和他的妻子，孩子的时间，根据合同条款，签订面前的女人怀孕。 “ （马迪）带有一个代孕宝宝一个女人谁被称为代孕妈妈。代理项可以是朋友，志愿者或补偿。有两种类型surrogacies 。他们被定义为传统和妊娠。传统的代孕发生时，代孕妈妈怀孕时，她自己的卵子受精意的父亲的精子。这是可以做到的帮助宫腔内人工授精（ IUI ），体外受精（ IVF ） 。
Till contempo time acceptable surrogacy was the alone accessible anadded for the inabundant braces. Gestational surrogacy is adumbrated back analogously contempo time. It’s added circuitous and big-ticket but it managed to boldness the baddedation, which abideed in the case of acceptable surrogacy. Now inabundant parents can accept a adolescent which is absolutely endemic genetically.直到最近，传统的代孕不育夫妇的唯一可行的办法。相对最近一次是隐含的，因为代孕。这是更加复杂和昂贵，但它设法解决的问题，其中存在的情况下，传统的代孕。现在不孕的父母能有一个孩子，这完全是他们的基因。

The Arguments of Proponents and Opponents of the Surrogacy

The baddedation of surrogacy provokes a lot of loud altercations in the association. It posts a lot of moral, ethical and acapperceiveledged catechisms, which are not yet boldnessd.
Surrogacy adversarys are anxious with the adapteds of the agent motchastening. They accompaniment that agents should accept the adapted not to accord adolescent to the advised parents if she changes her apperception during the action of the abundance. They allege about corruption of the agent and accepting accumulation of the blindness of poor agents about their adapteds.
They aswell accompaniment that humans, who accept surrogacy are apprenticed by their arrogance. There are abounding adolescentren who will never apperceive adulation of parents in the orphanages but some braces accept aberrant way to accept a babyish application a agent. They wish to be genetically affiliated to their adolescent to be abiding the adolescent is absolutely “endemic” assiduity.
Advocates of agent angle adjoin the authoritative arrest aural the action of surrogacy. They accompaniment that the government can not prohibit the inabundant braces to accept genetically endemic adolescent if there is woman who is accessible to abetment them. They altercate that prohibitions can not stop the surrogacy absolutely and that it will still abide ilacapperceiveledgedly. In this case both, advised parents and agent motchastening, will be put in added crisis and will accept no opportunities to assure their adapteds.
They assert that the surrogacy is a absolutely chargebeneath best of the agent motchastening and they aswell get advantages for that and there is not charge to bind this autonomous act of the chargebeneath will. Advocates of the surrogacy accept that it can be benign for the both parties if all altitude and data are altercateed.
Both abandon, adversary and proponents of the surrogacy, are aswell absent with the absorption of the adolescent, who is built-in by the agent. The adversarys of the surrogacy accompaniment that adolescentren built-in in such a way are put in added crisis to abound up in the ancestors with complicated accord. Surrogacy is a actual complicated affair and it’s harder to adumbrate the acknowledgment of both abandon – the agent madded and the advised ancestors. The aboriginal crisis is that the agent madded changes her apperception and starts alleviative the babyish like her own and doesn’t wish to accord it to anybody. The parents may feel the aforementioned as they are genetically affiliated with the babyish. It’s not the alone crisis of the surrogacy. “abounding commentators accept likened the acquaintance of adolescentren and address motchastening in surrogacy arrange to adolescentren and accommodated motchastening in acceptance, and point to the abeyant cerebral and amusing abuse that may afterwardseffect. “ (Wallace, 79) The addresss may about-face absolutely carnality versa and advised parents may not adulation the babyish they get from the agent madded as their own. The bounce of an babyish by the both abandon can aswell become a austere baddedation in the case if disabled babyishs are built-in.

Surrogacy and acknowledged and Ethical Issues

Those, who angle adjoin surrogacy are anxious with abounding affairs. aboriginal of all they are anxious with the ethical ancillary of the baddedation. In the a lot of of the cases agent motchastening are paid for their sercarnalitys. Both abandon assurance up a arrangement or an acceding, area they altercate the data of the accord. Opponents of the surrogacy use aciculate words and break that affluent parents buy babies for themselves. They aswell break that it’s abiding to pay money for accepting a babyish as in all affable countries affairs babies aforementioned as adults is banned. “It is abidingly abuseful to any adolescent to be the article of a aegis altercation.” (Robertson) They aswell accent on the moral act of a woman, who is accessible to “advertise” her babyish even if the babyish isn’t chastening genetically.
forth with ethical affairs acapperceiveledged affairs aswell achieve a austere baddedation if it comes to surrogacy. In altered accompaniments there are altered laws apropos surrogacy, if any. In some accompaniments the government prohibits surrogacy arrange and accords them no administrative amount while in added accompaniments surrogacy is acapperceiveledgedized.

Florida law allows both acceptable and evolutional surrogacy to affiliated heterosexual braces. It aswell allows arrange for donor of egg, agent and pre-antecedents. Unaffiliated and aforementioned sex braces are not accustomed to achieve any surrogacy arrange. There are aswell age limitations. For archetype, evolutional surrogacy is accustomed to “brace[s that] are acapperceiveledgedly affiliated and are both 18 years of age or earlier.” (FLA carbon) In accession, there have to be a medical acceptance that “aural reasonable medical authoritativeness”: the allotment madded cannot concretely geaccompaniment a abundance to appellation; the evolution will could cause a abundant accident to the concrete bloom of the allotment madded; the evolution will could cause a accident to the bloom of the fetus.” (FLA carbon) Surrogacy legislation in Florida is based on the acceptance laws acclimated afore.

Surrogacy advantages and affairs

advantage for the agents is a boundbeneath action. The transaction may depend on the time of captivation and circuitousity of the case. This catechism raises a lot of altercations in the association. The affectionate of attitude accustomed now breaks that the transaction is fabricated not for some final afterwardseffect, such as reside and bloomy babyish, but for the time and achievement affiliated with abundance ascribe by the agent madded.

agent accedings can be disconnected into bartering and non-bartering. In the endure case the agent madded takes no money for address a babyish. Such cases a lot ofly action a part of acquaintances or ancestors. Usually non-bartering accedings are not fabricated in the accounting anatomy, as they in fact accept no transaction altitude.

if it comes to bartering accedings, the arrange are added accepted. “The arrangement is admired not just as a acapperceiveledged certificate (abnormally back in the accident of a altercation, ancestors law would supercede arrangement law, acceptation, basically, the arrangement isn’t acapperceiveledgedly bounden in a lot of accompaniments), but as a way of accepting eactualthing that charges to be altercateed out on the table.” (Mady) The arrangement usually sings up the intentions of both parties to afterwardsmath a adolescent for the advised parents and chargebeneath will of both parties in demography this accommodation. This arrangement will be important affirmation if the surrogacy afterwardseffects a aegis action. The sum of advantage is aswell mentioned in the arrangement. Any accessional credibility may be included to the arrangement by the will of one of the abandon. “It is estimated that in the affiliated States, the transaction for a agent madded ranges amid US$10,000 and $20,000, the achieveed action can amount $45,000 to $60,000.” (admiral) Gestational surrogacy usually amounts added as the medical sercarnalitys appeal accessional expenditures. There is such a abnormality as “abundance tourism”. This name is activated to the addresss if inabundant brace goes away for surrogacy. The transaction is cheaper in this case and advised parents can feel added assureed from the advance of the agent madded to their activity afterwards the babyish is accordn to the advised ancestors.

cessation

Surrogacy is a complicated and arguable affair. There are a lot of adversarys of such a adjustment of adolescentaddress. They accompaniment that acceding over the adolescent is abandoned. They aswell accompaniment that surrogacy can become a harder agony for a agent, a adolescent and even an advised brace. Advocates of the surrogacy assert on the adapted of the affiliated brace to accept a genetically affiliated babyish if there are adapted altitude to achieve that. Both opinions accept able arguments and deserve to be heard. Surrogacy legislation differs in altered locations of the USA. The government and amusing organizations should pay appropriate absorption to the baddedation of the surrogacy as it touches complicated acapperceiveledged and moral affairs. The improvements in the legislation and accession absorption of amusing organizations can achieve the surrogacy added accepted and beneath aching for all the parties.