Report写作范文：Knowledge Management in Higher Institution

Report写作范文-论高等学校的知识管理。本文是一篇留学生report写作格式范文，本篇report将重点讨论知识管理在高等院校中的作用和重要性。知识是任何组织的宝贵资产，在当今的知识经济中，管理知识的能力至关重要。知识的创造和传播已成为竞争力中日益重要的因素。互联网的出现，为每个人提供了无限的知识来源。换句话说，任何行业的任何组织要想在当今充满挑战的组织环境中取得成功，机构或公司都需要从过去的错误中吸取教训，而不是重新发明轮子。本篇report将通过关注知识的转移管理和过程，强调高等院校知识管理的重要性。此外，研究人员将强调如何利用数据、信息和知识来促进学习。最后，Report还将强调如何使用知识管理工具和技术来解决组织中发现的挑战。下面就一起来看一下这篇report写作范文的具体内容。

Introduction 引言

The report will focus on the role and the importance of knowledge management in Higher institution. Knowledge is a valuable asset to any organisation and the ability to manage knowledge is crucial in today’ s knowledge economy (Maier, 2007). The creation and diffusion of knowledge have become increasingly important factors in competitiveness. The advent of the Internet, has made unlimited sources of knowledge available to everyone. In other words, for any organisation in any -industry to successful in today’s challenging organisational environment, the institution or company need to learn from their past errors and not reinvent the wheel (Laudon and Laudon, 2004). This report will highlight the importance of knowledge management in higher institution by focusing on how knowledge is transfer manage and process. In addition, the researcher will highlight how data, information and knowledge are used to facilitate learning. Finally, the report will also emphasise on how KM tool and techniques can be used to solve the challenges identified in the organisation

Role of knowledge in Organisations 知识在组织中的作用

In the 21st century business environment, knowledge is crucial to the success of any organisation. According to Guzman (2009), knowledge is facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education. The role of knowledge is crucial in the learning environment. Lecturer impact their knowledge on students through the education, experience and skills they have acquired over the year. Without knowledge, higher institutions like Newham University Centre will not be able to meet the needs of their students or the criteria of the awarding body. In context of business organisation, knowledge plays an important in improving innovation capability of an enterprise, increase business efficiency and facilitate sharing tacit knowledge that helps organisation to minimise corporate memory due to attrition and retirement. In addition, it helps businesses to identify critical resources and critical areas of knowledge. Effective management of knowledge within an organisation will enable organisation to understand of customers’ needs and the business environment as well as the skills and experience of their employee (Laudon and Laudon, 2004).

在21世纪的商业环境中，知识对任何组织的成功都至关重要。根据Guzman（的观点，知识是通过经验或教育获得的事实、信息和技能。知识在学习环境中的作用至关重要。讲师通过他们一年来所获得的教育、经验和技能，将他们的知识影响到学生身上。如果没有知识，像纽汉大学中心这样的高等院校将无法满足学生的需求或颁奖机构的标准。在商业组织中，知识在提高企业创新能力、提高商业效率和促进隐性知识共享方面发挥着重要作用，这有助于组织最大限度地减少因人员流失和退休而产生的企业记忆。此外，它还帮助企业识别关键资源和关键知识领域。组织内部知识的有效管理将使组织能够了解客户的需求、商业环境以及员工的技能和经验。

The importance of KM in organisations 知识管理在组织中的重要性

It is essential to understand that knowledge management is not only about storing documents nor only the responsivity of technology project or information technology. Although, knowledge is facilitated by technology but it is more about people, culture and strategy. It is about increasing people skills and expertise through sharing. According to Skyrme (1999), knowledge management is the explicit and systematic management of vital knowledge and its associated processes of creating, gathering, organizing, diffusion, use and exploitation, in pursuit of organizational objectives. Gao, Li and Clarke (2008) KM as a tool for planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling of people, processes and systems in the organization to ensure that its knowledge-related assets are improved and effectively employed.

必须理解，知识管理不仅仅是存储文档，也不仅仅是技术项目或信息技术的责任。尽管知识是由技术推动的，但它更多的是关于人、文化和战略。它是关于通过分享来提高人们的技能和专业知识。根据Skyrme的说法，知识管理是对重要知识及其相关的创建、收集、组织、传播、使用和利用过程进行明确和系统的管理，以追求组织目标。Gao，Li和Clarke知识管理作为一种工具，用于规划、组织、激励和控制组织中的人员、流程和系统，以确保其知识相关资产得到改进和有效利用。

The important of knowledge is immeasurable, it makes it easier for organisations like NUC to find relevant information and resources, better and faster decision making, and to communicate important information widely and faster to employees and management. In addition, it helps businesses to avoid making the same mistakes twice, make organisation’s best problem-solving experiences reusable as well as stimulating innovation and growth. For higher institution, KM can help students and lecturers to have access to data in a timely manner and allow them to manipulate, format, and tailor data to their needs. Additionally, KM allow higher institutions to support a culture of continuous improvement, which can provide the appropriate mechanisms for higher education to deal with a climate of increasing accountability

本篇essay提出知识的重要性不可估量，它使NUC等组织更容易找到相关信息和资源，更好更快地做出决策，并更广泛更快地向员工和管理层传达重要信息。此外，它还帮助企业避免两次犯同样的错误，使组织最好的解决问题的体验可重复使用，并刺激创新和增长。对于高等院校，知识管理可以帮助学生和讲师及时访问数据，并允许他们根据自己的需求操作、格式化和定制数据。此外，知识管理使高等院校能够支持持续改进的文化，这可以为高等教育提供适当的机制，以应对日益增强的问责制

1.2 Describe the differences between the terms data, information and knowledge.描述术语数据、信息和知识之间的差异

Data are raw facts and figures that has no meaning on their own, while Information is data which has been processed, and has now got some meaning behind it, and knowledge is an understanding of the information which has been given (Gray, Jeffery and Shao, 2008). Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight, and grounded intuition that provides an environment and framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. It originates and is applied in the minds of knowers. In organisations, it often becomes embedded not only in documents or repositories, but also in organizational routines, processes, practices and norms (Gray, Jeffery and Shao, 2008).

数据是原始的事实和数字，它们本身没有意义，而信息是经过处理的数据，现在已经有了一些意义，知识是对所提供信息的理解。知识是框架经验、价值观、上下文信息、专家洞察力和基础直觉的流动组合，为评估和整合新的经验和信息提供了环境和框架。它起源于并应用于知者的头脑中。在组织中，它通常不仅嵌入到文档或存储库中，还嵌入到组织的常规、流程、实践和规范中。

In contrast with knowledge, data is raw. It simply exists and has no significance beyond its existence and it does not have meaning of itself. Information on the other hand, allows an individual or organisation to expand their knowledge beyond the range of their senses. Organisation capture data in information and share it with so that employees or people can access it at different times (Gray, Jeffery and Shao, 2008).

与知识相比，数据是原始的。它只是存在的，除了存在之外没有任何意义，它本身也没有意义。另一方面，信息允许个人或组织将知识扩展到感官之外。组织捕获信息中的数据并与之共享，以便员工或人员可以在不同时间访问这些数据（。

The main difference is that data is made up of raw facts such as employee information, wages, and hours worked, barcode numbers, tracking numbers or sale numbers, information is the interpretation of bits of data in order to form a greater picture of raw facts and Knowledge is “an awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways that information can be used to support a specific task or reach a decision” (Stair, Reynolds and Chesney, 2008,p.6).

主要区别在于，数据由原始事实组成，如员工信息、工资和工作时间、条形码编号、跟踪编号或销售编号，信息是对数据位的解释，以形成对原始事实的更全面的了解，而知识是“对一组信息以及信息用于支持特定任务或做出决策的方式的认识和理解”。

1.3 Define the Knowledge Management cycle (transfer, use, creation), the types of knowledge and the concept of organizational learning.定义知识管理周期（转移、使用、创造）、知识类型和组织学习的概念

Knowledge management cycle is a process of transforming information into knowledge within an organization. It illustrates how knowledge is capture, stored, processed and distributed in an organization.

知识管理周期是组织内部将信息转化为知识的过程。它说明了如何在组织中捕获、存储、处理和分发知识。

As shown in the above figure, the knowledge management cycle has six steps. The six steps are discussed as follows:如上图所示，知识管理周期有六个步骤。六个步骤讨论如下

Share and Learn: The sharing of knowledge in order to facilitate learning is the first step in knowledge management life-cycle. Sharing of knowledge is one in which people exchange their views and ideas on a particular domain.分享和学习：分享知识以促进学习是知识管理生命周期的第一步。知识共享是指人们就特定领域交换意见和想法。

Create: Knowledge is created by sharing of ideas by people working in an organization (Patriotta, 2004, p. 10). Better sharing leads to better ideas thereby creating a valuable knowledge repository.创造：知识是通过在组织中工作的人分享想法而创造的。更好的共享带来更好的想法，从而创建一个有价值的知识库。

Capture and Acquire: Capture and acquisition of knowledge is one in which the knowledge created is collected in huge numbers and stored in a repository.捕获和获取：捕获和获取知识是指将创建的知识大量收集并存储在存储库中。

Organize: Organizing is the next step to capturing of knowledge. The captured content is organized using a framework or knowledge model. The model reflects the elements of knowledge and flows that are embedded inherently in the specific processes and culture of organization.组织：组织是获取知识的下一步。所捕获的内容是使用框架或知识模型来组织的。该模型反映了固有地嵌入组织的特定过程和文化中的知识和流动要素。

Access, Search and Disseminate: The organized knowledge is put in such a way that it could be accessed, searched and disseminated by the users working in the organization.访问、搜索和传播：组织的知识以这样一种方式放置，即在组织中工作的用户可以访问、搜索并传播。

Use and Discover: The last step is to make use of the knowledge acquired in solving problems in real time.使用和发现：最后一步是利用在实时解决问题中获得的知识。

As seen above, the key to knowledge management lies in sharing of knowledge. Sharing the knowledge increases the innovation and improves the overall quality of work. Thus, proper knowledge management helps organizations in developing the skill set of employees and improving their overall efficiency at work

如report所述，知识管理的关键在于知识共享。分享知识可以增加创新，提高工作的整体质量。因此，适当的知识管理有助于组织发展员工的技能，提高他们的整体工作效率

Explain why knowledge Management should consider people, management and technology in an integrated approach. Identify the problems arising from an exclusive focus on technology.解释为什么知识管理应该综合考虑人员、管理和技术。识别因专注于技术而产生的问题

1.1.1. Tacit Knowledge Polyani (1962) defined tacit knowledge as the abilities, expertise and conceptual thinking. Further, he argued that tacit knowledge is not only attributed to the, what is know but it is also attributed to the knower as well. Because sometimes knower’s knowledge level is soaring but he could not explain in efficient way or sometimes knower does not have adequate sources to disseminate his knowledge to the person who actually needs this. Tacit knowledge is very difficult to acquire because it is embedded in the form of capabilities, skills and ideas which individuals carry in their minds. Tacit knowledge can only be seen through the application that is why tacit knowledge is difficult to capture, exploit and diffuse among the organizational members.

隐性知识-Polyani将隐性知识定义为能力、专业知识和概念思维。此外，他认为隐性知识不仅归因于所知，而且也归因于知者。因为有时知道者的知识水平在飙升，但他无法以有效的方式解释，或者有时知道者没有足够的资源将他的知识传播给真正需要的人。隐性知识很难获得，因为它植根于个人头脑中的能力、技能和想法。隐性知识只能通过应用才能看到，这就是为什么隐性知识很难在组织成员中获得、利用和传播的原因。

1.1.2. Explicit Knowledge Polyani (1962) said that explicit knowledge can be disseminated and shared in the form of hard data, well defined procedures, and standardized principles. Nonaka, takeuchi (1995) defined explicit knowledge as “Knowledge of Rationality”. Explicit knowledge is easy to capture, manage, share and disseminate to the people.

显性知识-Polyani说，显性知识可以以硬数据、明确的程序和标准化原则的形式传播和共享。野中，竹内（1995）将显性知识定义为“理性知识”。显性知识易于获取、管理、分享并传播给人们。

Through KM, organizations seek to acquire or create potentially useful knowledge and to make it available to those who can use it at a time and place that is appropriate for them to achieve maximum effective usage in order to positively influence organizational performance

通过知识管理，组织寻求获得或创造潜在有用的知识，并将其提供给那些能够在适合他们的时间和地点使用知识的人，以实现最大限度的有效使用，从而对组织绩效产生积极影响

B. Technology 技术

Expert systems, knowledge bases, help desk document management, various types of information management, software tools, systems and other IT systems supporting organizational knowledge flows. Web conferencing, collaborative software, content management systems, ‘yellow pages’ directories, email lists, blogs, and other technologies.

专家系统、知识库、服务台文档管理、各种类型的信息管理、软件工具、系统和其他支持组织知识流的IT系统。网络会议、协作软件、内容管理系统、“黄页”目录、电子邮件列表、博客和其他技术。

Examples of expert systems:automatic pilots in aeroplanes and diagnosis applications used to help doctors

专家系统的例子：飞机上的自动飞行员和用于帮助医生的诊断应用程序

Five Core Processes in KM (European Framework)KM的五个核心过程（欧洲框架）

Identify knowledge 识别知识

Create knowledge 创造知识

Store knowledge 存储知识

Share knowledge 分享知识

Use knowledge 使用知识

2. Steps to Knowledge Management Implementation 知识管理实施步骤

2.1 Describe the necessary steps to implementing Knowledge Management (initiation phase, analysis phase, design phase and implementation) in this organization.描述在本组织中实施知识管理的必要步骤（启动阶段、分析阶段、设计阶段和实施）

3. KM tools and techniques 知识管理工具和技术

3.1 Discuss how KM tool and techniques could be used to solve the challenges identified in the organization.讨论如何使用知识管理工具和技术来解决组织中发现的挑战

3.2 Propose Km tools and techniques for evaluating and improving knowledge organisation, knowledge capture, knowledge evaluation, knowledge sharing and knowledge storing. The techniques should be classified as organizational learning interventions, information systems interventions, strategy interventions and cultural interventions.

提出评估和改进知识组织、知识获取、知识评估、知识共享和知识存储的Km工具和技术。这些技术应分为组织学习干预、信息系统干预、战略干预和文化干预。

3.3 Advise the company on why it should implement a Knowledge Management System focusing both on organisational and cultural enablers as well as IT enablers.

建议公司为什么应该实施知识管理系统，重点关注组织和文化因素以及it因素。

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