Literature Review格式范文：Literature Review of Business Continuity Management

Literature Review格式范文-业务连续性管理文献综述。本文是一篇留学生Literature Review写作范文，主要内容是讲述尽管业务连续性管理在优化组织绩效方面发挥着重要作用，但文献中很少讨论这一作用。然而，现有文献中有一小部分对业务连续性管理的作用给予了一定的关注；该问题可以为金融公司/机构提供有关该主题的来源。本篇Literature Review介绍了一系列先前的研究，以及与本文主题相关的目标、发现和建议。为了达到研究目的，对这些研究进行了比较。以下就是Literature Review格式范文的全部内容，供参考。

Though business continuity management has a significant role in the optimization of the organizational performance, there is a rare discussion of this role in literature. However, a small part of the existed literature has paid some attention to the role of business continuity management; the matter of which can provide financial firms/ institutions with sources regarding this subject (Sawalha, 2013). This section presents a series of previous studies, along with their objectives, findings, and recommendations pertaining to the subject of this paper. In order to achieve the study objective, a comparison has been made between these studies.

Fischbacher-Smith, (2017): This study aims at examining the nature of the business continuity management process and placing it within a wider literature on the socio-technical systems’ performance. Though the activities of business continuity management have been growing within organizations, the role of the academic research to help drive this process is still questionable. Hence, this study seeks to bring in a discussion on the interplay between the organizational performance and business continuity management within the frame of the potential tensions between efficiency and effectiveness. Using the quantitative approach, the study has obtained data from 517 individuals in the UK. Findings indicate that there is somehow a disjointed relationship between the academic research in the field of crisis management as well as the practice-based approaches to business continuity.

本研究旨在检验业务连续性管理过程的性质，并将其纳入关于社会技术系统绩效的更广泛文献中。尽管业务连续性管理的活动在组织内不断增加，但学术研究在推动这一过程中的作用仍然值得怀疑。因此，本研究试图在效率和有效性之间潜在紧张关系的框架内，讨论组织绩效和业务连续性管理之间的相互作用。采用定量方法，该研究获得了英国517人的数据。研究结果表明，危机管理领域的学术研究与基于实践的业务连续性方法之间存在某种脱节的关系。

Tumuhairwe & Ahimbisibwe, (2016): This study seeks to identify the relationship between procurement records compliance, effective risk management and record management performance in procuring and disposing entities in Uganda. The study has been conducted using the quantitative approach and a cross-sectional survey. A questionnaire has been developed on the study constructs of the procurement records compliance, effective risk management and record management performance by using measurement scales which are derived from prior empirical studies that have been modified for the purpose of the present study. Results reveal that there is quantitative evidence indicating a significant and positive relationship between procurement records compliance, effective risk management and record management performance. Moreover, the study finds that procurement records compliance and effective risk management are considered significant predictors of record management performance. As well, the study finally recommends that the effect of effective risk management is much stronger on records management performance than procurement records compliance.

本研究旨在确定乌干达采购和处置实体的采购记录合规性、有效风险管理和记录管理绩效之间的关系。这项研究采用了定量方法和横断面调查。通过使用测量量表，编制了一份关于采购记录合规性、有效风险管理和记录管理绩效的研究结构的问卷，该量表来源于为本研究目的修改的先前实证研究。结果表明，有定量证据表明，采购记录合规性、有效的风险管理和记录管理绩效之间存在显著的正相关关系。此外，研究发现，采购记录合规性和有效的风险管理被认为是记录管理绩效的重要预测因素。此外，该研究最后建议，有效的风险管理对记录管理绩效的影响远大于采购记录合规性。

Ahmed & Malik, (2015): This paper mainly aims at measuring how risk management practices affect loan performance taking into consideration credit terms and policies, collection policy, client appraisal, and credit risk control as dimensions of credit risk management practices. The primary data in the cross sectional form has been taken into account for a statistical evaluation purpose. The study data has been obtained from managers of credit risk management in the microfinance banking sector. To empirically evaluate the relationship between credit risk management practices and loan performance, multiple regression analysis has been used. This analysis finds that loan performance is positively and significantly affected by credit terms and client appraisal. However, though collection policy and credit risk control positively affect loan performance, such an effect is still considered insignificant. Interestingly, by focusing on the dimensions of credit risk management practices, this study might be seen helpful for the management in enhancing loan performance.

本文主要旨在衡量风险管理实践如何影响贷款绩效，将信贷条款和政策、收款政策、客户评估和信贷风险控制作为信贷风险管理实践的维度。出于统计评估的目的，已经考虑了横截面形式的主要数据。研究数据是从小额信贷银行部门的信贷风险管理经理那里获得的。为了实证评估信贷风险管理实践与贷款绩效之间的关系，使用了多元回归分析。分析发现，贷款绩效受到信贷条款和客户评价的积极而显著的影响。然而，尽管催收政策和信贷风险控制对贷款绩效有积极影响，但这种影响仍然被认为是微不足道的。有趣的是，通过关注信贷风险管理实践的维度，本研究可能有助于管理层提高贷款绩效。

Ishtiaq, (2015): The main purpose of this study is to empirically investigate how risk management processes are effective, in addition to examining their relationship with banks performance. The study has reviewed the relevant literature on risk management in banks from diverse methodological strands, and it has come up with its conclusions aiming at adding value to the available knowledge; particularly to identify certain research gaps in regards to risk management and banks performance in the developing countries, more specifically in Pakistan.

本研究的主要目的是实证研究风险管理流程的有效性，以及它们与银行绩效的关系。该研究从不同的方法论角度回顾了银行风险管理的相关文献，并得出了旨在为现有知识增加价值的结论；特别是确定发展中国家，特别是巴基斯坦在风险管理和银行业绩方面的某些研究空白。

Owing to its empirical nature, the current research adopts a deductive reasoning approach in terms of theory testing. This study applies a mixed method research strategy by taking the quantitative method as the major component, while the qualitative method plays a supplementary role. The sample is composed of twenty banks in Pakistan and the stratification is performed according to the bank category (public, private and foreign) in respect of different strata. The study collects and analyses primary as well as secondary data. In the second phase, this research conducts questionnaire data analysis by using ordinary least-squares regression to assess the different aspects risk management practices of banks in Pakistan. Finally, two-stage data envelopment analysis technique has been adopted to examine the relationship between the risk management and performance of the selected banks. This study results reflect that it is very important for Pakistani banks to formulate an active risk management process to identify, measure, monitor and control different risks. These results further reveal that formation of a comprehensive risk management system is not only a useful practice to meet the regulatory requirements but an effective exercise to improve the performance of Pakistani banks also. By employing a pragmatic, embedded, mixed method research strategy, this study has created a new insight into risk management in local banks and extends the existing theoretical literature in the field of banking in various ways.

由于其实证性质，目前的研究在理论测试方面采用了演绎推理的方法。本研究采用混合方法研究策略，以定量方法为主，定性方法为辅。样本由巴基斯坦的20家银行组成，并根据不同阶层的银行类别（公共、私人和外国）进行分层。该研究收集和分析了主要和次要数据。在第二阶段，本研究采用普通最小二乘回归法进行问卷数据分析，以评估巴基斯坦银行不同方面的风险管理实践。最后，采用两阶段数据包络分析技术考察了所选银行的风险管理与绩效之间的关系。这一研究结果表明，巴基斯坦银行制定积极的风险管理流程来识别、衡量、监测和控制不同的风险非常重要。这些结果进一步表明，建立全面的风险管理体系不仅是满足监管要求的有益实践，也是提高巴基斯坦银行业绩的有效举措。本研究采用务实、嵌入式、混合方法的研究策略，对地方银行的风险管理产生了新的见解，并以各种方式扩展了银行领域现有的理论文献。

Yahaya et al., (2015), the study analyzes risk management and organizational performance in deposit money banks in Nigeria. Two measures of organizational performance concentration are used. The first is the return on assets, while the second is return on equity. Determination of the relationship between risk management and organizational performance is done using panel data regression models. Explanatory variables, such as standard deviation of return on assets, standard deviation of return on revenue, current ratio, quick ratio, equity over total assets, equity over loan ratio, debt over equity and debt over total assets are used. Five hypotheses are tested and overall, organizational performance is positively affected by the risk management mechanisms of the bank and its liquidity policies. However, the relationship between financial leverage, size and age of the bank and financial performance is negative. The study concludes that risk and liquidity management policies are important to high financial performance. However, banks should put in place sound risk management mechanisms and policies to guide their operations. Also, banks should adhere strictly to sound liquidity management practices to guide against lack of liquidity. They should utilize earnings rather than seeking for external financing. Finally, banks should reduce their level of noncurrent assets and invest more in current assets in order to earn more profits from operations.

该研究分析了尼日利亚存款银行的风险管理和组织绩效。使用了两种衡量组织绩效集中度的指标。第一个是资产回报率，而第二个是股本回报率。使用面板数据回归模型来确定风险管理和组织绩效之间的关系。使用了解释性变量，如资产回报率标准差、收入回报率标准偏差、流动比率、速动比率、权益占总资产、权益占贷款比率、债务占权益和债务占总资产。检验了五个假设，总体而言，组织绩效受到银行风险管理机制及其流动性政策的积极影响。然而，金融杠杆率、银行规模和年龄与财务业绩之间的关系是负的。研究得出结论，风险和流动性管理政策对高财务绩效很重要。然而，银行应该建立健全的风险管理机制和政策来指导其运营。此外，银行应严格遵守健全的流动性管理实践，以防止流动性不足。他们应该利用收益，而不是寻求外部融资。最后，银行应该降低非流动资产的水平，增加对流动资产的投资，以从运营中获得更多利润。

Ghani & Mahmoodb, (2014). The purpose of this study is to investigate the state of risk management practices implemented among the microfinance providers in Malaysia and its relationship with the financial performance. By taking seven banking institutions and three developments financial institutions which participate in the micro financing initiative name as pembiayaan micro, the risk management practices were investigated. This study employed the measures available in the existing literature to measure the variables and is modified to match with the respondents. A total number of 1355 survey questionnaires were distributed to the branch managers through mail and 190 usable responses were received from the respondents The result reveals that only three dimensions of RMPs have significant relationship with the performance of financial institutions namely risk identification, risk monitoring and credit risk analysis. While, there is no relationship between risk management understanding and risk assessment and analysis and performance of financial institutions. The results also provide support that the supervision of risk management and internal control systems of Malaysian banks conform to internationally accepted standards that stipulated under Basel II.

本研究的目的是调查马来西亚小额信贷提供者实施的风险管理实践状况及其与财务绩效的关系。以参与小额融资倡议的七家银行机构和三家发展型金融机构为研究对象，对其风险管理实践进行了调查。本研究采用了现有文献中可用的测量方法来测量变量，并进行了修改以与受访者相匹配。通过邮件向分行经理发放了1355份调查问卷，收到了190份可用的回复。结果表明，RMP只有三个维度与金融机构的绩效有显著关系，即风险识别、风险监测和信用风险分析。然而，对风险管理的理解与金融机构的风险评估、分析和绩效之间没有关系。研究结果还支持马来西亚银行的风险管理和内部控制系统监管符合《巴塞尔协议》规定的国际公认标准。

Perrenoud et al., (2014), the purpose of this study is to describe how the University of Minnesota’s capital program implemented risk management metrics on 266 construction projects and to present the results of the risk metrics. The implementation of Weekly Risk Reports on the university construction projects captured information on the internal and external efforts related to minimizing project risks. The report implemented captured project risks, management plans, cost changes and schedule delays. The results of this study show that the university was able to effectively capture project risk metrics through the Weekly Risk Reports. The risk metrics identified the risks categories that impacted the 266 project costs and schedules. Through these findings, the university has a better understanding of how their internal stakeholders create the greatest risk to impacting

本研究的目的是描述明尼苏达大学资本项目如何对266个建筑项目实施风险管理指标，并介绍风险指标的结果。关于大学建设项目的每周风险报告的实施，获取了与尽量减少项目风险有关的内部和外部努力的信息。报告实施了捕获的项目风险、管理计划、成本变化和进度延误。这项研究的结果表明，该大学能够通过每周风险报告有效地捕捉项目风险指标。风险度量确定了影响266个项目成本和进度的风险类别。通过这些发现，该大学更好地了解了其内部利益相关者如何创造最大的影响风险

Nair et al., (2014), the aim of this study establishment of a link between the various dimensions of risk management with the business performance of International Islamic Bank. While risk management had seven distinct dimensions, business performance was measured in terms of financial and non-financial performance of the IIB. Based on the contemporary research in risk management, 14 hypotheses were built to link the dimensions of risk management with business performance. The research was undertaken as an empirical study with grounded theory approach. Multiple regression analysis was the method used for establishment of causal relationships between the variables of research interest. The research has developed the mathematical relationships between the research variables of interest. The hypothesis testing has indicated that risk assessment analysis, risk management practices, risk identification, and credit risk assessment are the specific dimensions which influence the business performance. Based on the hypotheses testing results implications are drawn and suggestions are made to the strategic managers of International Islamic Bank to enhance their business performance.

本研究的目的是建立风险管理的各个维度与国际伊斯兰银行业务绩效之间的联系。虽然风险管理有七个不同的维度，但业务绩效是根据IIB的财务和非财务绩效来衡量的。在当代风险管理研究的基础上，建立了14个假设，将风险管理的维度与企业绩效联系起来。本研究采用扎根理论方法进行实证研究。多元回归分析是用于建立研究兴趣变量之间因果关系的方法。该研究开发了感兴趣的研究变量之间的数学关系。假设检验表明，风险评估分析、风险管理实践、风险识别和信用风险评估是影响企业绩效的具体维度。在此基础上，得出了检验结果的启示，并对国际伊斯兰银行的战略管理者提高经营业绩提出了建议。

Sawalha, (2013), this study seeks to extend the research relating to the strategic view of business continuity management to the context of organizational performance. It discusses potential performance consequences resulting from applying business continuity management aspects/elements within an organization. The study contributes to the understanding of the role of business continuity management in organizational performance by discussing how deployment of business continuity management key aspects/elements can improve organizational performance. Two main issues are discussed: first, background to performance and the elements of organizational performance; and secondly, the role of business continuity management in achieving optimized organizational performance. These issues are significant, as they go further than the extant literature relating to the significance of business continuity management and its potential influence on organizational performance. The study focuses on Jordanian banks as a case study and as a way of illustrating how business continuity management helps improve organizational performance for those organization’s facing performance shortcomings or difficulties

本研究试图将与业务连续性管理战略观相关的研究扩展到组织绩效的背景下。它讨论了在组织内应用业务连续性管理方面/要素所产生的潜在绩效后果。本研究通过讨论业务连续性管理关键方面/要素的部署如何提高组织绩效，有助于理解业务连续性在组织绩效中的作用。讨论了两个主要问题：第一，绩效的背景和组织绩效的要素；其次，业务连续性管理在实现组织绩效优化方面的作用。这些问题意义重大，因为它们比现有的关于业务连续性管理的重要性及其对组织绩效的潜在影响的文献更深入。这项研究以约旦银行为重点，作为一项案例研究，并以此说明业务连续性管理如何帮助那些面临绩效缺陷或困难的组织提高绩效

Ryding & Sahlin, (2013), the objective for this study is to investigate how companies can evaluate and thereby improve their Supply chain risk management efforts by connecting the field of Supply chain risk management to the field of performance measurement systems. First, a thorough literature search was conducted where the current literature about Supply chain risk management and performance measurement systems was examined to understand what the literature recommends. This was followed by a multiple case study including semi-structured interviews with SC managers at eight companies to get the practical aspect of the problem. The results of the research show that companies work with Supply chain risk management in many different ways. The companies that have advanced furthest are the ones that have connected their Supply chain risk management to existing key performance indicators and because of that they have been able to measure the results of their Supply chain risk management efforts. The top-performers had a comprehensive understanding of their risk drivers and risks that affected their SC, which was consistent with the literature. Connecting the Supply chain risk management to the performance measurement systems, the companies can better monitor how the Supply chain risk management affects the performance goals for the SC performance. Then the next step is then to connect key risk indicators to the key performance indicators that will give managers longer time to react to potential risks. Only one company in the study had accomplished this, hence, there is a great space for improvements for many companies.

本研究的目的是调查公司如何通过将供应链风险管理领域与绩效衡量系统领域联系起来，来评估并改进其供应链风险控制工作。首先，进行了全面的文献检索，检查了当前关于供应链风险管理和绩效衡量系统的文献，以了解文献的建议。随后进行了多个案例研究，包括对八家公司的SC经理进行半结构化访谈，以了解问题的实际方面。研究结果表明，企业以多种不同的方式进行供应链风险管理。进步最快的公司是那些将其供应链风险管理与现有关键绩效指标联系起来的公司，正因为如此，他们才能够衡量其供应链危机管理工作的结果。表现最好的人对他们的风险驱动因素和影响他们SC的风险有着全面的了解，这与文献一致。将供应链风险管理与绩效衡量系统相连接，公司可以更好地监控供应链风险控制如何影响供应链绩效的绩效目标。然后，下一步是将关键风险指标与关键绩效指标联系起来，这将使管理者有更长的时间对潜在风险做出反应。研究中只有一家公司做到了这一点，因此，许多公司都有很大的改进空间。

Wieland & Wallenburg, (2012), the effects of supply chain risk management on the performance of a supply chain remain unexplored. It is assumed that supply chain risk management helps supply chains to cope with vulnerabilities both proactively by supporting robustness and reactively by supporting agility. Both dimensions are assumed to have an influence on the supply chain’s customer value and on business performance. The aim of this research is to provide clarity by empirically testing these hypotheses and scrutinizing the findings by the means of case studies. The research is empirical. Survey data were collected from 270 manufacturing companies for hypotheses testing via structural equation modeling. Additionally, qualitative data were collected to explore the nature of non-hypothesized findings. The results of this study find that supply chain risk management is important for agility and robustness of a company. Both agility and robustness show to be important in improving performance. While agility has a strong positive effect only on the supply chain’s customer value, but not directly on business performance, robustness has a strong positive effect on both performance dimensions. This important finding directs the strategic attention from agility-centered supply chains to ones that are both robust and agile. The case studies provide insights to the fact that robustness can be considered a basic prerequisite to deal with supplier-side risks, while agility is necessary to deal with customer-side risks. The amount of agility and robustness needs to fit to the competitive strategy.

供应链风险管理对供应链绩效的影响尚未得到探索。假设供应链风险管理有助于供应链通过支持稳健性主动应对漏洞，也有助于通过支持敏捷性被动应对漏洞。这两个维度都被认为对供应链的客户价值和业务绩效有影响。本研究的目的是通过实证检验这些假设并通过案例研究的方式仔细审查研究结果，从而提供清晰的信息。这项研究是实证性的。从270家制造公司收集调查数据，通过结构方程建模进行假设检验。此外，还收集了定性数据，以探索非假设发现的性质。研究结果表明，供应链风险管理对企业的敏捷性和稳健性具有重要意义。敏捷性和健壮性在提高性能方面都很重要。虽然敏捷性只对供应链的客户价值有很强的正向影响，但对业务绩效没有直接影响，但稳健性对两个绩效维度都有很好的正向影响。这一重要发现将战略注意力从以敏捷为中心的供应链转移到既稳健又敏捷的供应链上。案例研究提供了以下事实的见解：稳健性可以被视为应对供应商方面风险的基本先决条件，而灵活性是应对客户方面风险的必要条件。敏捷性和稳健性的大小需要适应竞争战略。

Poudel, (2012), this study try to explore various parameters pertinent to risk management as it affect banks’ financial performance. Such parameters covered in the study were; default rate, cost per loan assets and capital adequacy ratio. Financial report of 31 banks were used to analyze for eleven years (2001-2011) comparing the profitability ratio to default rate, cost of per loan assets and capital adequacy ratio which was presented in descriptive, correlation and regression was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that all these parameters have an inverse impact on banks’ financial performance; however, the default rate is the most predictor of bank financial performance.

本研究试图探索与风险管理相关的各种参数，因为风险管理会影响银行的财务业绩。研究中涉及的这些参数包括：；违约率、每笔贷款资产成本和资本充足率。利用31家银行的财务报告对2001-2011年11年的盈利能力与违约率、每笔贷款资产成本和资本充足率进行了比较分析，并采用描述性、相关性和回归分析方法对数据进行了分析。研究表明，所有这些参数对银行的财务业绩都有相反的影响；然而，违约率是最能预测银行财务表现的因素。

Fri, & Nilsson, (2011), the purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge of how Swedish hedge fund managers perceive and manage different types of risk and how they construct their portfolios with regards to risk management. We also want to investigate how risk measurements are used when it comes to risk management and how valid they are when applied to hedge funds. This study was conducted a combination of exploratory and descriptive research strategies are used. The research method used is the inductive method. A qualitative study is performed as well as a semi-structured interview technique. The results of this study find that the definitions of risk are ambiguous and differed greatly between the hedge fund managers. The risk in the hedge funds is managed differently depending on manager’s opinion regarding the nature and controllability of risk. We found that all managers agree on that risk is controllable to some degree but that there are always limits and that an uncertainty aspect is at all times present in a portfolio. The fund managers have to use their experience and knowledge in conjunction with an active risk management to run an efficient hedge fund. We conclude that all managers realize the importance of risk management, not only as a tool to achieve superior returns but also as an incentive for investors to choose their hedge fund over others. also the results of this study find that hedge fund managers believe that there is a need for restrictions and limits within their funds. It can be argued that by enforcing and following restrictions and limits the fund has established a foundation to build its risk management and investment philosophy upon. The larger hedge funds relied on strict enforcement of their rules and guidelines and had a high degree of hierarchy;

本论文的目的是增加对瑞典对冲基金经理如何感知和管理不同类型风险的了解，以及他们如何构建与风险管理相关的投资组合。我们还想调查在风险管理中如何使用风险度量，以及它们在应用于对冲基金时的有效性。本研究采用探索性和描述性相结合的研究策略。所采用的研究方法是归纳法。采用定性研究和半结构化访谈技术。本研究的结果发现，对冲基金经理对风险的定义不明确，差异很大。对冲基金的风险管理方式不同，取决于管理人对风险性质和可控性的看法。我们发现，所有经理都一致认为，风险在一定程度上是可控的，但总有局限性，投资组合中始终存在不确定性。基金经理必须将他们的经验和知识与积极的风险管理相结合，才能运营高效的对冲基金。我们得出的结论是，所有管理者都意识到风险管理的重要性，它不仅是实现卓越回报的工具，也是投资者选择对冲基金而非其他基金的激励因素。此外，这项研究的结果发现，对冲基金经理认为，他们的基金内部有必要进行限制和限制。可以说，通过执行和遵循限制和限制，该基金为其风险管理和投资理念奠定了基础。大型对冲基金依赖于严格执行其规则和指导方针，并具有高度的等级制度；

the managers of the smaller hedge funds seemed to have a higher degree of freedom and a less complicated investment process. Also find that the smaller a firm is the less enthusiasm is expressed regarding the usage of the different risk variables in their risk management and it is expressed to be more of a demand from different stakeholders. We conclude also that even though the risk measurements are used mostly in the larger firm’s one is still aware that they are not able to capture all the risks. Their validity is questioned by all sizes of firms. 

规模较小的对冲基金的经理们似乎拥有更高的自由度，投资过程也不那么复杂。还发现，企业越小，对在风险管理中使用不同风险变量的热情就越低，而且这更多地是来自不同利益相关者的需求。我们还得出结论，尽管风险度量主要用于大公司，但我们仍然意识到它们无法捕捉所有风险。它们的有效性受到各种规模公司的质疑。

Park, (2010), the purpose of this paper is to analyze the management process considering risks and performances in developing new products. Study was conducted quantitative approach using the results of a questionnaire a self report questionnaire was distributed to a sample of employees, sample size was 177, the paper provides risk factors and performance factors based on literature reviews and then discusses risk and performance management processes during the product development period. Some lessons for effective risk management and performance measures are reported. Results show that among the timing of risk management and performance measures is important to the impact level of performance. 

本文的目的是分析在开发新产品时考虑风险和绩效的管理过程。研究采用定量方法，使用问卷调查的结果，将自我报告问卷分发给员工样本，样本量为177，本文在文献综述的基础上提供了风险因素和绩效因素，然后讨论了产品开发期间的风险和绩效管理过程。报告了有效风险管理和绩效衡量的一些经验教训。结果表明，在风险管理的时机和绩效衡量之间，绩效的影响程度是重要的。

Park, (2010), the purpose of this paper is to analyze the management process considering risks and performances in developing new products. The paper provides risk factors and performance factors based on literature reviews and then discuss risk and performance management processes during the product development period. Some lessons for effective risk management and performance measures are reported. The results of this study show timing of risk management and performance measures are important to the impact level of performance. 

本文的目的是分析在开发新产品时考虑风险和绩效的管理过程。本文在文献综述的基础上提供了风险因素和绩效因素，然后讨论了产品开发过程中的风险和绩效管理过程。报告了有效风险管理和绩效衡量的一些经验教训。本研究的结果表明，风险管理的时机和绩效衡量对绩效的影响水平很重要。

Olsson, (2008), the purpose of this study is to identify differences in managing a single project compared with that of a project portfolio, where focus and requirements are expanded, and where clear links to organizational objectives exist. Further, the aim is to propose a methodology for the management of risk within the context of a project portfolio. The concepts and framework described in this paper have emerged primarily from an in-depth action research study in a major provider of transport solutions. The work has been conducted within one division, with presence in most of mainland Europe, Scandinavia, and the UK. The study finds that the proposed methodology would manage portfolio risk in two ways. First, it provides a means for single projects to gain experiences from other projects within the portfolio. Second, portfolio common risks and trends of issues can be identified. Such risks can become risks for succeeding projects, or require action from outside the single project.

本研究的目的是确定管理单个项目与管理项目组合的差异，在这些差异中，重点和要求得到了扩展，并且与组织目标存在明确的联系。此外，目的是提出一种在项目组合背景下管理风险的方法。本文中描述的概念和框架主要来自一家主要交通解决方案提供商的深入行动研究。这项工作是在一个部门内进行的，在欧洲大陆、斯堪的纳维亚半岛和英国的大部分地区都有业务。研究发现，拟议的方法将通过两种方式管理投资组合风险。首先，它为单个项目提供了一种从投资组合中的其他项目中获得经验的方法。第二，可以识别投资组合的共同风险和问题趋势。这些风险可能会成为后续项目的风险，或者需要单个项目之外的行动。本站提供各国各专业Literature Review范文以及Literature Review写作辅导，如有需要可咨询本平台。