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Business Coursework格式范文-国际贸易、劳动生产率与竞争。本文是一篇留学生商务管理课程coursework格式范文，主要内容是针对coursework提出的相关问题，如为什么各国要进行贸易，比较优势理论，要素禀赋与劳动生产率相关概念，保护主义和保护方法，下面就一起来看一下这篇Business Coursework格式范文的具体内容。
1. Why countries trade 为什么各国要进行贸易 There are several reasons due to which countries do trade with other countries. They are as follows:-各国与其他国家进行贸易有几个原因。它们如下： Generates revenue: – The main reason for which the countries do trade is that it generates revenue through duties being imposed on goods which are imported in the country.产生收入：各国进行贸易的主要原因是通过对进口商品征收关税来产生收入。 Gives Comparative advantage: – Trade amongst the countries gives comparative advantage to them i.e. it encourages the nations to manufacture goods and services which they can produce more effectively and efficiently.提供比较优势：国家间的贸易为它们提供比较优势，即鼓励各国制造能够更有效生产的商品和服务。 Lowest opportunity cost: – It also encourages countries to produce those goods which have lowest opportunity cost and at the same time encourages them to import goods which have more opportunity cost from other countries.机会成本最低：它还鼓励各国生产机会成本最低的商品，同时鼓励它们从其他国家进口机会成本更高的商品。 Economies of Scale: – When countries range narrows in terms of producing goods and services then efficiency and effectiveness increases even more and country can produce those goods in high volumes with less cost which eventually helps the countries in achieving economies of scale.规模经济：当各国在生产商品和服务方面的差距缩小时，效率和有效性会进一步提高，各国可以以更低的成本大量生产这些商品，这最终有助于各国实现规模经济。 Breaks down monopolies: – When country comes into trade with other countries then new entrants enter into the countries domestic market, which gives increases the competition for the domestic market. The humans have a tendency that they do not try to innovate new methods until the time they do not face any competition. Such competition has two benefits firstly the quality and innovative goods are produced by the business firms. Secondly it finishes i.e. breaks down the domestic monopolies and eventually it helps the country’s consumers.打破垄断：当一国与其他国家进行贸易时，新的进入者就会进入该国的国内市场，这增加了对国内市场的竞争。人类有一种倾向，在不面临任何竞争之前，他们不会尝试创新新方法。这种竞争有两个好处：一是企业生产出高质量的创新产品。其次，它完成了，即打破了国内垄断，最终帮助了该国的消费者。 Increase in Employment: – Trading amongst the countries lead to more production of goods and services. More the production more employment needs to be done to cope up or meet out the deadlines of the export order.就业增加：各国之间的贸易带来了更多的商品和服务生产。生产越多，就需要更多的就业来应付或满足出口订单的最后期限。 All these factors encourage a country to do trade and achieve better economy. 所有这些因素都鼓励一个国家进行贸易，实现更好的经济。 2. Comparative advantage 比较优势 Theory of Comparative Advantage: – Theory of comparative advantage lays down that it helps the country in producing only those goods which they can produce with lowest opportunity cost as compare to the other countries and at the same time encourages them to import those goods whose opportunity cost would have cost them high if they would have produced them in their own country. 比较优势理论：比较优势理论规定，它有助于一国只生产与其他国家相比机会成本最低的商品，同时鼓励他们进口那些如果在本国生产机会成本会高的商品。 It was David Ricardo in nineteenth century that with the help of a numerical example showed the benefits of the comparative advantage. Before this countries early logic related to free trade could be advantageous was based on absolute advantage. Ricardo in his example showed that suppose there are two countries England and Portugal. If England is good in producing cloth with low cost whereas the same good production cost high to Portugal and on the other hand Portugal is good in producing wine whereas the wine production cost high to England. So it will be relatively beneficial for both the countries to produce only those goods which cost them less in high volumes and to buy the other good from other country rather than making it on a high cost this way it increases the production of a particular good at global level and encourages the country to buy those goods or commodities from other countries at cheaper price rather than producing them at high cost. This way Ricardo showed the advantageous side of the comparative advantage to the countries. 19世纪的大卫·里卡多通过一个数字例子展示了比较优势的好处。在此之前，与自由贸易相关的早期逻辑可能是基于绝对优势的。里卡多在他的例子中表明，假设有两个国家——英格兰和葡萄牙。如果英国擅长以低成本生产布料，而同样好的生产成本对葡萄牙来说很高，另一方面，葡萄牙擅长生产葡萄酒，而葡萄酒生产成本对英国来说很高。因此，对这两个国家来说，只生产那些批量生产成本较低的商品，从其他国家购买另一种商品，而不是高成本生产，这将是相对有利的。这样，它可以在全球范围内增加特定商品的产量，并鼓励该国以更便宜的价格而不是以高成本生产它们。里卡多这样向各国展示了比较优势的有利一面。 Assumptions behind Comparative advantage: –比较优势背后的假设 There are two countries. Let the two countries be X and Y.有两个国家。让这两个国家是X和Y。 They produce the same two goods or commodities. Let the two goods be A and B. The nature of quality of these goods in both countries is similar.他们生产相同的两种商品。假设这两种商品是A和B。这两个国家的商品质量性质相似。 The main factor of production is labour, which should be homogeneous and unchanged.生产的主要因素是劳动力，劳动力应该是同质的和不变的。 The resources should not be mobile between countries.资源不应在国家之间流动。 The production of a good should be subject to equal return.商品的生产应获得同等回报。 There should be no transport cost between two countries.两国之间不应该有运输费用。 Productivity for same good will vary between two countries.相同商品的生产率在两个国家之间会有所不同。 3. Factor endowment and labor productivity要素禀赋与劳动生产率 Factor endowment: – It is a major factor which impacts the country’s economy by payingmore attention specialized goods which have low opportunity cost as compare to other goods. When we talk of lower opportunity cost of particular good in a country then it means low opportunity cost in terms of the other nations of same good. This is what we call comparative advantage of a country over other nations in terms of production of some specialized product. Comparative advantage can arise due to abundance of raw material, due to high productivity, cheap or highly skilled labor, or may be land or capital and last but not the least in some cases countries achieve economies of scale. The most affecting and simple form of example with respect to the land could be fertile soil which gives high input of agriculture products which country like India can export and make high profits on it. 要素禀赋：这是影响国家经济的一个主要因素，因为它更加关注与其他商品相比机会成本较低的专业商品。当我们谈论一个国家特定商品的机会成本较低时，这意味着与其他商品相同的国家的机会成本也较低。这就是我们所说的一个国家在某些专业产品生产方面相对于其他国家的比较优势。比较优势可以产生于丰富的原材料、高生产力、廉价或高技能的劳动力，也可以是土地或资本，在某些情况下，国家实现了规模经济。就土地而言，最具影响力和最简单的例子可能是肥沃的土壤，它提供了高投入的农产品，像印度这样的国家可以出口并从中获得高利润。 Labor productivity: – This is term given to one of the measure which is often used in economics to know the economic growth of the country. As the name suggest it is a measure of amount of goods produced by a labor in one hour. Growth in labor productivity depends on investment and saving in physical capital, new technology, and human capital. 劳动生产率：这是经济学中常用的衡量国家经济增长的指标之一。顾名思义，它是衡量一个劳动力在一小时内生产的商品数量。劳动生产率的增长取决于实物资本、新技术和人力资本的投资和储蓄。 How it is measured: – The real GDP (gross domestic product) of an economy divided by the aggregate hours of labor in the country gives per labor of hour. 如何衡量：一个经济体的实际GDP（国内生产总值）除以该国的总劳动时数，得出每小时的劳动力。 Importance of measuring labor productivity: – It is very much important to measure and know how much the growth in the country’s labor productivity is, as it shows the living standard in respect of the consumption. As the only reason in the growth of labor productivity could be the increase in number of hours they worked in a year and that is only due to the high production of goods. So more the labor productivity more will be the production of the goods and so it will boost the country’s caliber to export the extra produced goods to other nations and gain profit. 衡量劳动生产率的重要性：衡量和了解国家劳动生产率的增长程度非常重要，因为它显示了消费方面的生活水平。劳动生产率增长的唯一原因可能是他们一年工作时间的增加，而这只是由于商品的高产量。因此，劳动生产率越高，商品的生产就越多，这将提高该国将额外生产的商品出口到其他国家并获得利润的能力。 4. Protectionism and methods of protection 保护主义和保护方法 It is a method or a measure a country uses to protect its domestic market from unfair competition which from foreign industries. No doubt country uses it for the welfare of its own and it works out to be a good for short run. But eventually with the span of time it makes the domestic market more lethargic and less innovative. Humans have a tendency they do not work hard until they get some competition. So such kinds of competitions are good up to an extent as it favors the citizens of country in terms of production of qualitative and innovative goods. 它是一个国家用来保护其国内市场免受外国产业不公平竞争的一种方法或措施。毫无疑问，这个国家把它用于自己的福利，从短期来看，它是一个好东西。但随着时间的推移，它最终会使国内市场变得更加疲软，创新性也降低。人类有一种倾向，在得到竞争之前，他们不会努力工作。因此，这种竞争在一定程度上是好的，因为它在生产优质和创新产品方面有利于该国公民。 Methods generally used as protectionism:-通常用作保护主义的方法： Firstly, by increasing the tariffs and tax on the imported products into the country which eventually makes the imported product less competitive as compare to the domestic one because they cannot match the price of the local products due to high paid tariff and taxes on the goods. Secondly, by subsidizing the local producers. That lowers the cost of their product. This method works two ways i.e. for domestic industry and even for the export sector as they have to pay less shipment cost. Thirdly, the countries also impose quotas on the imported goods which bound the foreign countries to export certain product only up to some extent. This works even well than the other two, so no matter how low they sell they can harm the local industries only up to a certain extent of time. And fourthly, also sometimes country deliberately lower their currency’s so that they can make their export cheaper and more competitive in global market. So, protectionism plays a vital role as a protection tool in country’s international trade to save its domestic industry from foreign industries. References 参考文献 amadeo, K. (2017, january 20). trade protectionism. Retrieved feb 14, 2017 Economics Online. (n.d.). Why do countries trade. Retrieved February 8th, 2017 Investopedia. (2015, april 16). How to factors endowment impact a country’s comperative advantage. Retrieved feb 14, 2017 Investopedia. (n.d.). Labor Productivity. Retrieved feb 14, 2017 Suranovic, S. M. (2015, december 1th ). International trade theory and policy. Retrieved february 8th, 2017 首先，通过提高进口产品的关税和税收，最终使进口产品与国内产品相比竞争力下降，因为由于商品的关税和税款高昂，进口产品的价格无法与当地产品相匹配。第二，通过补贴当地生产商。这降低了他们产品的成本。这种方法有两种作用，即对国内工业，甚至对出口部门，因为他们必须支付更少的运输成本。第三，这些国家还对进口商品实行配额制，使外国只能在一定程度上出口某些产品。这甚至比其他两种效果更好，所以无论它们的售价有多低，它们都只能在一定程度上损害当地产业。第四，有时国家也会故意降低货币汇率，以便使出口产品更便宜，在全球市场上更具竞争力。 因此，保护主义作为一种保护工具，在一国的国际贸易中发挥着至关重要的作用，将其国内产业从国外产业中拯救出来。 本站提供各国各专业coursework范文，以及coursework写作辅导，如有需要可咨询本平台。 |
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