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论文题目：how human capital theory will affect gender earning gap
论文语种：英文
您的研究方向：经济金融学
是否有数据处理要求：是
您的国家：英国
您的学校背景：cardiff university uk, rank 28
要求字数：５０００－６０００
论文用途：硕士毕业论文 Master Degree
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Chapter2 Literature Revie
Although the gender wage difference is declining in recent period, the consistent existence of the gap still reflect that the sexual discrimination remain in the various industry which lead to the less return of women’s contribution in their work.
The factors influence the changes for the gap
According to substantial literatures (Commission of European Communities, 2007; Erosa, Fuster & Restuccia, 2005; Daly, Kawguchi, Meng & Mumford, 2006), the factors results in the development of sexual wage differences could be concluded for six major characteristics. These include the personal characteristics, career characteristics, firm characteristics; institutional characteristics http://www.ukassignment.org/ gender segregation by occupation or sector and social norms and traditions.
Personal characteristics
For business, all the employees should be paid equally for the equal value which they contribute in the job. Nevertheless, from the aspect of employees, Blau and Kahn (2000) suggested that the job tenure, career experience, family and children, educational level and age were the main personal characteristics that determine the rate of female labor forces’ career participation.
Education
Fullerton (1999) demonstrated that in the second half of 20th century, the increasing number of women participation in labor market is caused by the increasing educational investment from female labor force. Moreover, Freeman (2004) found that American women were the most educated sex compared with American male labor force since 1995 in the U.S.A. In a certain extent, women labor forces have recognized the importance of being skillful and knowledgeable workers before they build up or re-build up the employment relationship. Under this circumstance, Brown and Corcoran (1997) suggested that these phenomena could reflect the female students would like to increase the education investment to obtain more skills and knowledge from the study for them to be able to strength the productivity after they were employed in the labor market. Higher level of education would likely to promote more women labor forces to have #p#分页标题#e#http://www.ukassignment.org/ more equal employment opportunity and obtain attractive salary.
In addition, more and more female labor forces participate into various majors of study comparing with male students. Although various majors could offer more trainings and knowledge for female student to obtain equal pay in the career development and might decrease the gender pay gap, OECD (2002) report still pointed out that if the labor market or the social system could only equalize the distribution of various study programmes in both genders without also promoting equal opportunities in employment of men-dominated or women-dominated jobs, it would just do little to narrow the gap between male’s and female’s salary level.
In particularly, higher education investment help female labors to be more educated to entry the employment market. It would likely to increase their wages to equal with men’s level. Nevertheless, it must still recognize that in some countries, higher educated women might not obtain the same wage level with men’s comparing those women with lower educated qualification. There are still other factors affecting the changes of gender pay gap.
Age & Family & Career Experience
To understand the changes of male-female wage ratio could not just simply depend on the factor of education. Particularly, most of the literatures would comparing the ages with other cross sectional data mainly including education, family, job tenure and career experience. Under a certain circumstance, there is a related effect between the factors of ages and career experience on the gender pay difference. Generally, people in the elderly age group would have more working experiences than the labor forces in the younger age group. It is meant that the experience they obtain during the career development would lead to higher wages for them, which would close to men’s level in some certain fields of industry. In addition, elderly women would have less being affected by the career interruption in which is due to the reason of family, pregnant and taking care of small children. Wooldridge (2003) suggested that most of firms would like to employ female employees with less career interruption caused by family and children. Normally, these groups of female labor forces would have been offered higher pay in some certain occupation than those with less working experience and higher possible career interruption. Thus, it would widen the gender wage gap between those groups of female worker and men employees.
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