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英国绩效改革论文由英国论文指导中心提供资源，阐述有关英国政府的绩效评估
A, introduction
Since the 1980 s, the performance evaluation of government began to get great attention and favor. And the most lasting application performance evaluation, and the most extensive, technology is mature, when is the British. In the 1970 s, given the government faces serious financial crisis, management crisis, trust crisis and the legitimacy crisis, Margaret thatcher a power to push administrative reform. As a representative of the new misogynistic, Margaret thatcher in "ideology to the right on the new national socialist view, think excessive expansion of the state to erase individual, family and social groups of creativity, no efficiency to production and distribution the public products." [1] she 'emphasis on the value of capitalism is reasonable ┅ ┅ claims in return values of "classic" orthodox capitalism. '[2] in the new right under the guidance of the concept of, Margaret thatcher ruling after the introduction of the private sector's bold management personnel, use the private sector management philosophy, management methods and techniques to improve the government management, expecting to improve the administrative efficiency, realize the value of money. And, from the conservative manifesto presented in "reduce waste and bureaucracy and excessive government" claim, we can see, less waste, realize the value of money, thatcher will use the private sector management tools to pay attention to the results, performance measured. And performance evaluation as the private sector to measure, improve performance of effective tools, also will be the thatcher government management toolbox a powerful weapon.
In 1979, Margaret thatcher a on stage, he appointed as her sir reina efficiency consultant, and established the efficiency group, to the various government departments to operate in a comprehensive and in-depth investigation. Reina review prompted the government started to pay attention to the government's output and results, preliminary set up government performance and cost consciousness. Following the reina review in 1982 after the financial management of finance promulgated new scheme is clearly put departments and the person in charge of the hierarchy to "clear their goals and measuring the output and performance standards and methods." [3] this marks the public sector formal implementation of performance evaluation. In 1988, the British government and further pushing the next action plan which enable organizations in the departments of the government performance evaluation for the widespread use of. Due to the performance evaluation has integrated into British administrative reform, become a British management is an important part of socialist movement, although thatcher to step down, and leaders change happened, but public department performance evaluation still with the British administrative reform, administrative reform the theme of the conversion and forward development.
Two, the British government performance evaluation, the review of the development process
Public sector performance evaluation of the earliest application in Britain in 1968. At the time, the British royal land supervision, and the irs and started releasing all departments in the document approving aliens overall productivity index, and develop all kinds of performance and BiaoYong to measure the subordinate departments. "But in the 1980 s, before the performance evaluation limited to input and output is easy to identify and adjustment of executive function." [4] until the 1980 s, and the major thatcher's government after the government, the Blair government in order to improve the administrative efficiency, improve the government performance, just have established a series of administrative reform to promote and popularize organization performance evaluation. As the chart shown a administrative reforms events [5]. These administrative reform measures effectively promote the public sector performance evaluation in Britain's sustained, stable development. In general, according to the evaluation of different emphasis, the public sector performance evaluation can be divided into two stages: efficiency a stage, quality excellent optimal a stage. In the 1970 s to the 80 s, the emphasis of the performance evaluation of government is economy and efficiency, are in pursuit of input-output ratio maximized. From the end of 1980 s, with the benefit and the quality are concerned, the emphasis of the performance evaluation of government to benefit and customer satisfaction, quality has been mentioned an important position.
1, efficiency optimal a stage
Since the end of the 1970 s, the "efficiency strategy", under the guidance of the thatcher government introduced a reina assessment, minister management information system, financial management new scheme reform measures. These reform to a great extent by the British government performance evaluation of the application of the department. Among them, reina review is the focus of the economy and efficiency, its purpose is through the review to end and avoid those not ideal thing (including outdated, untimely task, inefficient working procedures and methods, etc.), so as to reduce the government spending and operating costs. Following the reina review in 1980 after HeSaiErTing environment minister in the establishment of the area environment minister management information system is "integration goal management, performance evaluation and other modern management methods and design of information collection and processing system". [5] it will performance evaluation, goal management, management information system, and the combination of make public sector performance evaluation more strategic, sustainability. And the financial management new scheme is secretary of the information management system of expansion, extension and systematized. In this period, the public sector performance evaluation has obtained the preliminary development, but the main emphasis of the assessment is economy, efficiency.
Chart source: Massey, Andrew (1999) The State of Britain: A Guide to The UK Sector (MPA), p. 17-18.
2, quality distinctions a stage
The 1980 s, Margaret thatcher of carrying out the "next action plan" and "civil charter movement", "competition for quality" campaign turn the since 80 s "efficiency strategy" the reform direction, started quality and customer satisfaction new direction. In 1988 the British in the implementation of the next steps in the department put forward a "executive agency", and the core of the actuator, coordinate and supervise operation "proper distance control", its way including the establishment of performance goals, and the distribution of resources, design performance and standard and in this paper the performance of the actuator in the determination of accurate. At the same time, in order to make up the actuators responsibility mechanism of flawed, "next action plan" is also proposed to implement the program performance at regular intervals and will review the results public. After Margaret thatcher after, John Major government introduced a citizen charter movement and competition for quality sports, these reform measures and further strengthened the quality and customer service reform ideas. For example, in the charter movement of the citizens, John Major government required the public service institution and departments draft charter with six principles: clear service standards, transparency, the customer choice, polite service, perfect the supervision mechanism, the value of money. In the conservative government after, new Labour government followed the conservative direction of reform, they continue to emphasize the efficiency of public service, capital value and customer oriented. For example, Tony Blair government actively introduce benchmark technology; Will citizens charter was renamed "service first", and the establishment of the citizens to review group; And in the local government level, implement the "Best Value" (Best Value or the highest Value).
Three, the British government performance evaluation, development characteristics analysis
From the above the British government performance evaluation of the development process, we can find that, after 20 years of development, the organization performance evaluation in the application of the departments of the government gradually become often, systematic and standard up. But at the same time, we also see, the public sector in many aspects of performance evaluation is changed, including evaluation emphases, evaluation subject, value standard etc.
1, the emphasis of the assessment from the economic, efficiency to benefit, quality
Performance evaluation first introduced the public sector, as administrative efficiency as the core subject, pay attention to reduce cost, improve efficiency. In Britain, Margaret thatcher introduced first performance evaluation tools, mainly on the British government at that time is too low, the efficiency of existing waste serious problem, hope through the use of the enterprise performance evaluation tools to review government performance status, in order to improve the administrative efficiency and reduce costs. By the 1980 s, although reform in economic and efficiency in obtained great achievements, but at the same time another problem has become increasingly prominent, that is, if the conservative government administrative reform continue to economic and efficiency as the key point, will inevitably suffer sacrifice quality and public service to pursue spending saving of the accused. For this reason, the emphasis of the reform of the administrative Britain from the economy, efficiency to the quality of public service, the transfer. Also, as British administrative reform important content, the public sector performance evaluation and the emphasis of the economy, efficiency to by quality and customer satisfaction.#p#分页标题#e#
2, evaluation subject from the public organization expanded to the public
Performance evaluation first introduced the public sector, mainly as a superior department review, control of the lower department tools. This period, the performance evaluation of government mainly USES the top-down one-way feedback way, evaluation subject is mainly public organizations and specialized agencies. For example, in reina review, financial management new scheme and the next step scheme, main body is mainly the department assessment, superior departments, the efficiency team, the audit committee. Since the 1990 s, with the customer oriented, quality for this become Britain the theme of the administrative reform, government performance evaluation by the government as center also for change in the service object for the center, the evaluation of public organization expanded to the main social public. For example, in the charter movement of citizens, the public service system issued by the charter, the taxpayers charter passenger charter service standard, patients are put forward in customer satisfaction rate. And, after the Blair government came to power, and make clear further suggested that public participation assessment. Currently, the market research techniques (such as public opinion survey, user survey) has been a lot of British local government used to assess the public to parliament the degree of satisfaction with it or not.
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3, evaluate the subject from evaluation to development
In the early 1980 s, the British government performance evaluation function mainly is the judgment, control. The so-called evaluation function, it is to show through to the organization performance analysis to promote or interfere with the organization has pointed out that the optimal performance factors. For example, reina evaluation purpose is to government departments of the economy and efficiency of the review found within the department and existing problems, and puts forward some improvement measures. The so-called control function, it is to point to the department agreement or contract performance based on performance evaluation departments at lower levels, and used the evaluation results of lower department for effective control. For example, the next step calls for the core and actuators signed between the framework document. In fact, the framework document is a quasi contractual agreement or contract of work. The core is the basis to monitor performance agreement lower department. However, as the administrative reform, the function of the performance evaluation of no longer restricted to judge, control. The British government has actively use to promote the government performance evaluation of the performance of continuous improvement, achieving the organization's development. "In order to have practical interests, organization performance evaluation should be regarded as a kind of important method of study, not just for evaluation and assessment, and also for the assessed and as a whole organization." [6] at this time, performance is not only a guidance and control procedure, but also is a kind of learning program. Organizations through the departments and units of comparison between the horizontal or vertical, existing performance level and standard level or ideal level of comparison, to seek further improve organizational performance, realize the aim of the development of this department. For example, in 1996, the British government introduced in enforcement agencies "best practice benchmark".
4, evaluation standard of value diversity
As the traditional administrative efficiency study basically grafting common management (in enterprise as the research object) efficiency study concept, mode, ignore the public sector of the public, therefore, the efficiency of the early measurement is single efficiency orientation, namely the pursuit of input and output maximization. Because a single efficiency of the orientation of efficiency measurement can't balance between efficiency and other value of the conflict. The 1980 s, the efficiency of the British team suggested to the financial management in the new scheme set up "economy", "efficiency", "benefits" of the "3 E" standard system, to replace the traditional efficiency standards (such as finance, accounting data, etc.). Soon, Britain The Audit committee (The Audit top and will "3 E" standard into performance auditing framework, and applied to The local government and national health service management practice. [7] in fact, the "3 E" is a different value view contains the standard system, it reflects the diversity of public organizations goals. With the departments of the government performance evaluation in the application and development, in order to more fully reflect the public organizations goals of the diversity and complexity, some people even suggested adding more to "E", such as justice, entrepreneurship, excellence, etc. In short, the public the objectives of the organization and diversified value diversity has prompted the government performance evaluation standard of value increasingly diverse.
5, assessment into the performance management system
In the early 1980 s, performance evaluation often used alone. In the late 1980 s with the birth of the performance management and implementation, performance evaluation was gradually into the framework of the performance management, and "is considered as the performance management concept in the central factors". [8] in general, performance management program including establish performance agreement, formulate performance plans, the sustainability of performance management, organization improve performance of the phases of achievement evaluation. [9] and performance evaluation of performance management is the inner, is an indispensable part of. It reflects the performance goals and implementation of the relevant information, for to improve public organization overall performance level of other performance management technique to provide the basis. Compared with performance management is concerned, performance evaluation focuses on research how to determine the performance goals, and setting up performance and standard, collect performance information to such as comprehensive and objective evaluation organization performance status. Since the late 1980 s, the British central and local government in management practice is constantly on performance management. For example, in the local government level, the British government is trying to set up some local performance management system, and seek to a more harmonious, more whole approach to management performance.
6, evaluation around Britain administrative reform
British contemporary administrative reform although very radical, but has the system design, the characteristics of slow and steady. In the different stages of reform have different preferences, the relevant departments to reform the process of the powerful guidance. Also, performance evaluation as Britain is an important part of the administrative reform, like Britain's administrative reform, the British government to promote the performance evaluation measures is radical, at the same time a system design and developing steadily characteristics. From pepe reina assessment, minister management information system, financial management new scheme, next steps, citizen charter movement, the competition for quality movement has been to the modernization of the later the white paper, in different stage, with the theme of the administrative reform and goals of the change, the emphasis of the evaluation is different, the pursuit of the goal is different, the main form different, but different stages between the organic connection. For example, the performance evaluation method by "pepe review" period of evaluation to develop gradually took "financial management new plan" period establish a perfect evaluation system; The emphasis of the assessment by the economy, efficiency to benefit, quality; The evaluation process also gradually standardized, systematic; The establishment of the performance index of analysis method and choose a qualitative to qualitative and quantitative.
Four, about the British government performance evaluation of thinking
At the end of the 1970 s, performance evaluation began to be introduced into the British government department. After 20 years of development, at present, the public sector performance evaluation has become a British government management toolbox a powerful weapon. In practice, it to improve the British government administrative efficiency and service quality, improve the role that government performance for all to see. Why performance evaluation in Britain each government department can get sustained, stable? A careful review of the British government performance evaluation of the development process and characteristics, we can find that, the public sector performance evaluation to the British government in each department to get sustained, stable development, in addition to the advantage of performance evaluation tool itself outside, the government's effective sponsorship is also one of the important reasons.
1, will be included in the performance evaluation of the administrative reform, and formulate relevant laws, regulations and policy guarantee the implementation of performance evaluation.
In Britain, the public sector performance evaluation is the important part of the administrative reform. Through the performance evaluation of government will be included in the reform plan, on the one hand, can guarantee the performance evaluation as the government reform in the public sector and gain sustainable development; On the other hand, also help other management tools (such as internal market, benchmarking, decentralization management, market inspection and the effective application, thus further promote administrative reform. In addition, the British government is to standardize management form performance evaluation into major reform programs, and formulate policies to guide, to standardize the implementation. For example, for the promotion of civic charter movement, the British government set up citizens charter leadership team, has issued the "citizen charter" "citizen charter guide", "1992 year citizens first report of charter", and so on.#p#分页标题#e#
2, performance evaluation and government departments will be combined with management.
In 1982 the British Treasury financial management promulgated by the new scheme is clearly put forward in the central departments introduced a kind of system that is responsible for: (1) the targets set a clear concept, if possible, with the goals of the output of the related work or performance evaluation. (2) the most effective use of resources to make clear obligations, including strict censorship output and funds. (3) effectively duties needed information (especially expenses), training and get expert advice. From the report can see, the British government requirements will performance evaluation of management by departments of the combination, make full use of performance evaluation tools to improve the government management. On one hand, the public sector to make use of performance evaluation departments in strict implementation within budget management, the control of resource use, and to improve the financial department of the quality and quantity of information. On the other hand, the public sector make full use of performance evaluation to measure defect, the article puts forward remedial measures, so as to improve the government management.
3, establish management information system.
In a certain sense, performance evaluation process is to collect information, the information processing, processing, finally output behavior performance information about the process. In government departments, to ensure that the results of the performance evaluation of an objective, fair and accurate, and the key factors is to ensure the integrity of the relevant information. In the government department internal establish management information system, not only contributing to the development of evaluation, also can strengthen between departments, department of internal communication. 1982 new financial management scheme and requirements in the central departments universal established management information system, it can not only provide to the highest levels of the evaluation and control all the information, and can provide the competent each layer of the information needed to do a good job ". [10] in the conservative government after, new Labour government continues to emphasize the management information system construction. In 1999 the British published "modern government white paper" is one of the aims of creating cooperation and effective information age of the government. New Labour government in the department of management information system, based on the use of modern information technology established departments information network.
4, with other management performance evaluation tools, combining to improve the government management.
In the long-term practice, the British government is no longer limited to the performance evaluation used alone, they will actively seeking a performance evaluation and other management tools, combining to more effectively improve the government management. In practice, some government departments will be government performance evaluation and the budget process to connect is, put forward the performance budgeting. Some government departments to use such as quality guarantee system to replace the quality of performance evaluation method of quality determination, in order to promote the evaluation of quality of service and improvement. And some other government department is seeking to performance evaluation and benchmarking combined. In general, if the public departments in accordance with other organizations to compare the process of words, so the benchmarking management will depend on performance indicators. If performance standards are post of words, so the public sector may according to quality model to the process of the comparison or performance standards in accordance with the results are compared. At present, the benchmarking management has been widely used in the British central and local governments in the department.
5, play the enthusiasm of civil servants.
Give full play to the enthusiasm of the British civil service is all government departments to carry out successful performance evaluation is one of the important reasons. Britain's experience is: "at the start of the attention of the performance evaluation of voluntary-top government encourages performance evaluation, but have no choice, and no pilot enforce the provisions of the index and schedule, but by the ministries of sees himself arrangement, division of the pilot unit choice also willing to of the foundation; performance evaluation mainly USES the self assessment way--the ministry of finance and the prime minister and the efficiency team of experts on policy coordination and technology mainly guidance, and not with the attitude of the commanding their check." [11] at the same time, the local government level, with decentralization reform and local government the expansion of autonomy, new Labour government in implementing performance evaluation was continued to emphasize the enthusiasm of civil servants. For example, the new Labour government proposed only the best value method of the basic principles, and to the best value of the specific meaning, how to begin to stakeholders and how to determine the optimal value problem that will be made by the local government to decide for themselves. [12]
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